Alcaligenes eutrophus Poly

Schubert, R, Steinbiichel, A. and Schlegel, H.G. (1988) Cloning of the Alcaligenes eutrophus poly-b-hydroxybutyrate synthetic pathway and synthesis of PHB in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 5837-5847. 

Schubert P, Steinbtichel A, Schlegel HG (1988) Qoiring of the Alcaligenes eutrophus poly-P-hy-droxybutyrate synthetic pathway and synthesis of P(3HB) in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol... 

Alcaligenes eutrophus produces a massive amount of intracellular polyester (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [PHB]), specifically as high as 70% of the cell weight. This bacterium was selected for porous-media plugging studies [1316]. 

Peoples, O. P. Sinskey, A.J. (1989). Poly-beta-hydroxybutryate (PHB) biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Identification and characterization of the PHB polymerase gene (phbC). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264, 15 298-303-... 

Poly-p-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable thermoplastic that is produced by several microorganism. The PHB synthesis has been characterized in Alcaligens eutrophus and the operon involved in PHB production has been cloned. Recombinant E. coli strains that can produce high levels of PHB have been constmcted (39). 

Optically pure am,. (R)-3-hydroxybutanoates can be obtained by alcoholysis of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate, a fermentation product of fructose by Alcaligenes eutrophus. (S)-Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate in 64-87% ee can be synthesized in 57-67% yield on a decagram-scale by an Organic Syntheses procedure6 using bakers yeast reduction of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate with the aid of sucrose.7 In order to obtain enantioselectivity as high as 95-97% ee, the substrate concentration should be kept below 1 g/L.8... 

Poly(hydroxybutyrate) may be synthesized by fermentation from Alcaligenes eutrophus. The polymers have been shown to be useful for the controlled release of buserelin (a GnRH agonist analog) in both rats and humans. 

Kim, B. S., Lee, S. C.,Lee, S. Y., Chang, H. N, Chang, Y. K., and Woo, S. 1.1994b. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus with substrate control using on-line glucose analyzer. Enz. Microbial Technol., 16, 556-561. 

Ethyl (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate (15) of 100% e.e. is prepared by ethanolysis of poly-3-hydroxybutanoate (PHB) (16,1/7). Seebach et al. used PHB generated by Alcaligenes eutrophus (16), while we employed Zoogloea ramigera(15,17). 

Product quality of PHAs is very much dependent on the polyester composition (see 3.2.2.1). In 1987, Byrom found that poly-(3HB-co-3HV) can be produced in large-scale fed-batch culture by supplementing the nutritional medium of a glucose-utilising mutant of Alcaligenes eutrophus (today known as Cupriavidus necator) with propionic acid (precursor for 3HV formation) [50]. Later it was shown that the utilisation of valeric acid instead of propionic acid results in a higher proportion of 3HV units [51]. The improvements in product quality of co- and terpolyesters, however, results in an increase of the production costs of the polymer because of the high price of the precursors. 

Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) Azotobacter chroococ-cum and Pseudomonas putida. Pseudomonas oleovorans, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Zoogloearamigera, Alcaligenes sp. A-04 Medical devices, drug delivery systems... 

The Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) form of PHB [54, 55, 4, 56, 57] is probably the most common type of polyhydroxyalkanoate which is isolated from Azotobacter chroococcum. Pseudomonas putida. Pseudomonas oleovorans, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Zoogloea ramigera, and Alcaligenes sp. A-04 [ 58, 59, 55,60, 61,62,56]. 

Poly(3-hydroxy butyric acid) and poly(3-hydroxyl valeric acid) copolymers are formed by the fermentation of glucose with the aid of Alcaligenes eutrophus species. As a result of using copolymers, PHBV is synthesised via polymerisation (Figure 5.3). 

Poly-(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are linear biopolyestos produced by a wide variety of bacteria as a reserve of carbon and energy [39]. Recently De Koning and Maxwell [40] drew an analogy between the conventional emulsion polymerization process and the biosynthesis of PHAs. Based on this Kuija et al. [41,42] made a more quantitative description of the accumulation of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in Alcaligenes eutrophus. 

Eggink, G., van der Wal, H., Huijbcrts, G.N.M. and de Waard, P., 1992. Oleic acid as a substrate for poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate formation in Alcaligenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas pulida. Industrial crops arid products 1 157-163... 

Degelau A, Scheper T, Bailey JE, Guske C (1995) Fluorometric measurement of poly-P-hydroxybutyrate in Alcaligenes eutrophus by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42 653-657... 

Doi Y, Segawa A, Kunioka M (1989) Biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxy-butyrate) produced from y-butyrolactone and butyric acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus. Polym Commun Guildf 30 169-171... 

Hahn SK, Chang YK, Lee SY (1995) Recovery and cheiracterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyric add) synthesized in Alcaligenes eutrophus md recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 34—39... 

Iram SH, Cronan JE (2006) The 1 -oxidation systems of Escherichia coU and Salmonella enterica are not functionally equivalent. 1 Bacteriol 188 599-608 Ishihara Y, Shimizu H, Shioya S (1996) Mole fraction control of poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric) acid in fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus. 1 Eerment Bioeng. 81 422-428... 

Shi B, Wu W, Wen J, Shi Q, Wu S (2010) Cloning and expression of a lipase gene from Bacillus subtilis LS1403 in Escherichia coli. Ann Microbiol 60 399 04 Shi H, Shiraishi M, Shimizu K (1997) Metabolic flux analysis for biosynthesis of poly (/1-hydroxybutyric acid) in Alcaligenes eutrophus from various carbon sources. J Ferment Bioeng 84 579-587... 

Steinbiichel A, Schlegel HG (1991) Physiology and molecular genetics of poly(beta-hydioxy-alkanoic acid) synthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Mol Microbiol 5 535—542 Stubbe J, lian J (2003) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) homeostasis the role of the PHA synthase. Nat Prod Rep 20 445-457... 

Tsuge T, Tanaka K, Shimoda M, Ishizaki A (1999) Optimization of -lactic acid feeding for the production of poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus in fed-batch culture. 1 Biosci Bioeng 88 404-409... 

O.P. Peoples, A.J. Sinskey, Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Characterization of the genes encoding beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, J. Biol. Chem. 264 (26) (1989) 15293-15297. 

Doi, Y., Kunioka, M., Nakamura, Y., and Soga, K., Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on poly(j3-hydroxybutyrate) and a copolyester of )5-hydroxybutyrate and j3-hydrox5Tvalerate isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16, Macromolecules, 19, 2860, 1986. 

Madden L.A. and Andrason, A.J., 1998, Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) polymer mixtures produced in high-density fed-batch cultures of Ralstonia eutropha Alcaligenes eutrophus). Macromolecules 31 5660... 

Shimizu, H., Tamura, S., Shioya, S. and Suga, K., 1993, Kinetic study of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) production and its molecular weight distribution control in a fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 76 465-469. 

Taidi, B., Mansfield, D. and Anderson, A., 1995, Turnover of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its influence on the molecular mass of the polymer accumulated by Alcaligenes eutrophus during batch culture. FEMS Microbiol Lett., 120 201-206. 

Taidi, B., Anderson, A. J., Dawes, E. A. and Byron, D., 1994, Effect of carbon source and concentration on the molecular mass of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) produced by Methylobacterium extorquens and Alcaligenes eutrophus. Appl Environ. Microbiol, 40 786-790. 

Ishizaki, A. and Tanaka, K. (1991) Production of poly-p-hydroxybutyric acid from carbon dioxide by Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697T. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 4, 254-257. 

Koyama, N. and Doi, Y. (1995) Continuous production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hyhroxy valerate) by Alcaligenes eutrophus. Biotedmology Letters, 17,281-284. 

Alcaligenes eutrophus [8]. Homopolymer P(3HB) is a typical example of sc/-PHA it possesses high tensile strength which is comparable to polypropylene, but with a low elongation at break [9, 10]. Other PHA with improved material properties, such as poly(3HB-co-3HV), poly[3HB-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid (4HB)], poly(3HB-co-4-hydroxyvalerate), poly(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB) are also categorised as sc/-PHA. 

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