3- Hydroxyvaleric acid

Refs. 21, 22, 155. Abbreviations AHV, a-amino-(3-hydroxyvaleric acid Horn, L-homoserine AEG, (3 -(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine ppc, phosphoenolpymvate carboxylase the strain improvement largely depends on the transduction technology sensitive resistant —, auxotroph or deficient , leaky auxotroph +, prototrophic revertant. Table 7. Amino Acid Production from Hydrocarbons ... 

PHB poly(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) PHBV poly(3-hydroxybutanoic acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid), ref. 105. CCAPA poly(e-caprolactone) FB100, ref. 456. 

GPC proved to be a method extraordinarily well suited to the analysis and purification of 9-phenylcarbazole monodendrons, naturally branched polymers.12 Monodendrons up to generation four, molecular weight 16.6 kDa, were separated by GPC. Branching, introduced into bacterially produced poly(hydroxy butyrate) by co-polymerization with hydroxyvaleric acid, was analyzed by GPC in chloroform with on-line viscometry.13... 

HPE 3-Hydroxy-4-pentenoic acid 3HPV 3-Hydroxyphenylvaleric acid 3HV 3-Hydroxyvaleric acid... 

C4 = 3-hydroxybutyric acid, C5 = 3-hydroxyvaleric acid, C6 = 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid, C7 = 3-hydroxyheptanoic acid, C8 = 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, C9 = 3-hydroxynonanoic acid CIO = 3-hydroxydecanoic acid. 

The conversion of hydroxyvaleric acid into valerolactone at 25°C in 0.025 N HC1 was followed by titration with standard base. Given the tabulated data, find the order and specific rate of the reaction. 

Aryl esters of 4-hydroxyhutyric acid, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid lactonize with rate constants proportional to (Capon et... 

Problem 16.24 Write the structure for the lactone formed on heating in the presence of acid (a) y-hydroxybutyric acid, (b) 6-hydroxyvaleric acid. ... 

The following experiments shed some light. Kinetic studies of sucdnyl-CoA-acetoacetate CoA transferase indicate a ping-pong mechanism. The enzyme alternates between two distinct forms, one of which has been shown to contain bound CoA.932-934 The E-CoA intermediate formed from enzyme plus acetoacetyl-CoA was reduced with 3H-containing sodium borohydride and the protein was completely hydrolyzed with HC1. Tritium-containing a-amino-8-hydroxyvaleric acid was isolated. Since thioesters (as well as oxygen esters) are cleaved in a two-step process... 

A number of methods for the synthesis of piperazic acid (7) and related derivatives are currently available as a result of growing interest in natural product chemistry and in their potential in medicinal chemistry. Their chemistry and conformational properties have been comprehensively reviewed. 2451 Racemic piperazic acid is obtained by condensation of penta-2,4-dienoic acid with phthalazinedione and subsequent reductive deprotection of the resulting A,A -bis(phthaloyl)-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazine-3-carboxylic acid.12431 Resolution of racemic piperazic acid is achieved by fractional crystallization of the ephedrine salt of Nl-(benzyloxycarbonyl)piperazic acid from ethyl acetate. 246,2471 A typical route to enantiomerically pure (3S)-piperazic acid 56 starts from chiral 2-amino-5-hydroxyvaleric acid 55 as shown in Scheme 12.1248 Convenient stereoselective syntheses have been reported for 5-hydroxy- and 5-chloropiperazic acids as important constituents of natural cyclic peptides and depsipep-tides.1249,2521... 

L-alpha-amino-delta-hydroxyvaleric acid has been isolated from Jack Bean seeds (J. Biol. Chem. 239, 1122, 1964). 

In the presence of a trace of acid, S-hydroxyvaleric acid forms a cyclic ester (lactone). 

Kim, B. S., Lee, S. C.,Lee, S. Y., Chang, H. N, Chang, Y. K., and Woo, S. 1.1994b. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus with substrate control using on-line glucose analyzer. Enz. Microbial Technol., 16, 556-561. 

S. marcescens Random mutation and selection to construct L-threonine production strain P-Hydroxynorvaline (a-amino-P-hydroxyvaleric acid)-resistant mutants were obtained 13.0 Komatsubara et al. [47]... 

The structure XXII for rhynehophylline has been confirmed, and the relative stereochemistry at C-15 and C-20 has been elucidated, by a total synthesis (80) of (+) JV-methylrhynchophyllane (XXVI) (Marion s N-methylisorhynchophyllane), which had been prepared earlier by methyl-ation of (iso)rhynchophyllane with sodium methoxide and methyl iodide (28). The lactone (XXVII) of threo-3,4-diethyl-5-hydroxyvaleric acid was converted by reaction with phosphorus pentachloride into the corresponding S-chloroacid chloride (XXVIII), which on treatment with methylaniline gave the anilide XXIX. Reduction of XXIX with lithium aluminum hydride gave the aldehyde XXX, which slowly reacted with... 

Aryl esters of 4-hydroxybutyric acid, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid lactonize with rate constants proportional to iopH picw (Capon et al., 1973). The second-order rate constant at 30° for lactonization of phenyl 4-hydroxybutyrate is ca. 3000 times greater than kOH for hydrolysis of phenyl acetate at 25°. Lactonization of phenyl 4-hydroxybutyrate is catalysed by acetate and phosphate buffers in... 

SYNS FEMA No. 3103 4-HYDROXYPENTANOIC ACID LACTONE 4-HYDROXYVALERIC ACID LACTONE Y-METHYL-7-BUTYROLACTONE 4-METHYL-Y-BUTYROLACTONE Y PENTALACTONE 4-PENTANOLIDE Y-VALEROLACTONE (FCC)... 

Several biodegradable polyesters have now been developed. For example, the polyhydroxyal-kanoates (PHAs) are polymers of 3-hydroxy carboxylic acids, such as 3-hydroxybutyric acid or 3-hydroxyvaleric acid. 

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