And functional equivalencies

Bachman, R.E., Fioritto, M.S., Fetics, S.K and Cocker, T.M. (2001) The Structural and Functional Equivalence of Aurophilic and Hydrogen Bonding Evidence for the First Examples of Rotator Phases Induced by Aurophilic Bonding. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123, 5376-5377. 

Validity The embedding must produce a watermarked object that is both syntactically valid and functionally equivalent to the original object. If the watermarking process destroys the product then we can not use it anymore. 

Bacterial ( . coli) CuZnSOD lacks most of the charged residues critical for electrostatic guidance of the substrate but has a compensatory and functionally equivalent mechanism contributed by Lys 60 providing a reaction rate constant, (1.4 0.1)xl0 M" s not much lower than mammalian enzymes [50]. 

It will be shown that bacteria contain similar compounds - namely the hopanoids. These are structural and functional equivalents of sterols. 

Of course, moving the Hquid feed and withdrawal positions continuously is impractical. However, approximately the same effect can be produced by providing multiple Hquid-access lines to the bed and periodically switching each stream to the adjacent line. Functionally, the adsorbent bed has no top or bottom and is equivalent to an aimular bed. Therefore, the four Hquid-access positions can be moved around the bed continually, always maintaining the same distance between the various streams. 

The lambda type is nongelling, and functions as a thickner. Iota-carrageenan has been recommended (45) for use in formulating low fat ground beef due to its abihty to retain moisture, especially through a freeze—thaw cycle which is typical for ground beef patties. Oat bran and oat fiber can also be used to improve moisture retention and mouth feel. Modified starches can be used as binders to maintain juiciness and tenderness in low fat meat products. Maltodextrins (dextrose equivalent less than 20) may be used as binders up to 3.5% in finished meat products. Other carbohydrates such as konjac flour, alginate, microcrystalline cellulose, methylceUulose, and carboxymethylceUulose have also been used in low fat meat products (see CELLULOSE ETHERs). 

Fig. 3. The key steps of the Kureha process, as disclosed in the patent Hterature (48), are (/) dehydration of aqueous feedstocks (sodium sulfide or its functional equivalent) in the presence of A/-methyl-2-pyrrohdinone (2) polymerization of the dehydrated sodium sulfide with -dichlorobenzene at alow temperature to form a prepolymer (J) addition of water to the prepolymer (4) a second, higher temperature polymerization step and (5) polymer recovery.

One of the oldest adjustable-speed drives is the Ward-Leonard system. This consists of an ac to dc motor-generator set and a shunt or compound-wound dc motor. Speed is adjusted by changing the generator voltage. A functional equivalent of this drive uses an adjustable-voltage rectifier feeding a dc motor. This system has only one rotating machine in contrast to the three of a conventional Ward-Leonard system. 

The resulting control-to-output characteristics are shown in Figure B-13. As one can see, both the input voltage and the equivalent load resistance have an influence on the gain and phase functions. 

X 10 M), and an equivalent amount of OH (its usual concentration in plasma) would swamp the buffer system, causing a dangerous rise in the plasma pH. How, then, can this bicarbonate system function effectively The bicarbonate buffer system works well because the critical concentration of H2CO3 is maintained relatively constant through equilibrium with dissolved CO2 produced in the tissues and available as a gaseous CO2 reservoir in the lungs. ... 

Biochemical purification of TOR demonstrated that this protein functions as the catalytic component of two distinct multiprotein complexes known as TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2). Like TOR, these complexes appear to have been structurally and functionally conserved form yeast to man. The mammalian equivalents are known as mTORCl and mTORC2. 

In section 5.4.3 we have discussed the physical meaning and range of validity of the potential-work function equivalence equations of solid state electrochemistry ... 

In view of the potential-work function equivalence of solid state electrochemistry (Eq. 4.30 or 5.18) and of the fact that for non-activated adsorption, AEd>Pt=0=A AHo,pt, where AHo.pt is the enthalpy of chemisorption of O on Pt, these equations can also be written as ... 

Adsorption Isotherms, Nernst Equation and Potential-Work Function Equivalence... 

This isotherm is consistent with the modified electrochemical Langmuir isotherm, the Nemst equation and the potential-work function equivalence. For intermediate 0j and Pj values the isotherm of Eq. (6.58) is well approximated both by the Fowler-Guggenheim and by the Temkin isotherms. 

Having discussed the functional equivalence of classical promotion, electrochemical promotion and metal-support interactions on 02 -conducting and mixed electronic-ionic conducting supports, it is useful to also address and systematize their operational differences. This is attempted in Figure 11.15 The main operational difference is the promoter lifetime, Tpr, on the catalyst surface (Fig. 11.15). 

Design validation, on the other hand, is focussed on assessing if the device in its totality meets the user s needs and intended uses and functions correctly under the intended use conditions. Thus, evaluation will usually be carried out at field sites/(i-sites (hospitals) or, at a minimum, under simulated use conditions. In the case of high-risk devices this will normally involve actual clinical studies. Validation should be performed using initial production lots of the device or their equivalents. 

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