Agriculture, herbicides

Lu, T.W., L. Lambert, D. Hastings, and D. Banning. 1980. Enrichment of the agricultural herbicide atrazine in the microsurface water of an estuary. Bull. Environ, Contam. Toxicol. 24 41 I -414. 

Vinten AJ, Mingelgiin U, Yaron B (1983) The effect of suspended solids in waste water on soil hydraulic conductivity I. Suspended solid labehng method II. Vertical distribution of suspended solids. Soil Sci Soc Am J 47 402 12 Waite DT, Cessna AJ, Grover R, Kerr LA, Snihura AD (2004) Environmental concentrations of agricultural herbicides in Saskatchewan, Canada Bromoxynd, dicamba, diclofop, MCPA, tril-uralin. J Environ Qual 33 1616-1628... 

Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, et al Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. JAMA 256 1141-1147, 1986... 

Dimethy la mine and Derivatives Dimethylamine, (H3C)2NH, mw 45.08, N 31.07%. col gas at RT and liq at below 7°, sp gr 0.680 at 0°/4, fr p —92.2° extremely flammable and hazardous causes bums sol in w, ale eth. Can be prepd by passing a mixture of ammonia with vapors of methanol over a catalyst, such as silica gel. Has been used in agricultural herbicides and fungicides, synthetic textiles, fiber solvents, rubber vulcanizing accelerators and in missile fuels (Refs 1, 2, 4)... 

It should be noted that 2,4,5-T was used as a non-agricultural herbicide in the Great Lakes watershed, mostly on roadside ditches and hydro rights-of-way. For example, Frank and Siron [91] estimated that in 1975, 279 kg of 2,4,5-T was used in 11 agricultural watersheds in Ontario, all of them flowing into Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario or connecting channels. This practice was probably common in all of the Great Lakes watershed, and may have been responsible for some 2378-TeCDD input to the Lakes. 

Atrazine One of the most widely used agricultural herbicides. Atrazine persists in ground water and can induce hermaphroditism in frogs. 

Cunningham, J.J., Kemp, W.M., Stevenson, J.C., Boynton, W.R., Means, J.C. (1981) Stress effects of agricultural herbicides on submerged macrophytes in estuarine microcosms, pp. 147-182. In Submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay. Annual Report to USEPA, UMCEES, Horn Point Environmental Laboratories, Cambridge, Maryland. 

See Fertilizers Fungicides, agricultural Herbicides Insect control technology Soil chemistry of pesticides. 

Synonyms (N-(l-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine) Prowl Squadron Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Agricultural Herbicide... 

When tested in support of registration as an agricultural herbicide, prometryn was determined to be slightly toxic to amphibians, moderately toxic to fish. 

In an effort to find new agricultural herbicides a new class of broad spectrum soybean herbicides, the 3-isoxazolidinones, was discovered. The discovery, synthesis, and structure - activity relationships of this new class of herbicides and the related compounds will be discussed. 

Urea herbicides form, along with phenoxy derivatives and triazines, the most important agricultural herbicide group. Since their discovery almost thirty years ago several tens of thousands of urea derivatives have been synthesised in research laboratories, and almost all of the major pesticide manufactures have marketed herbicides with a urea derivative as the active substance. 

OTHER COMMENTS Paraquat is a cation (l,l-dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium), CAS No. 4685-14-7 commercial product is the dichloride salt of paraquat, CAS No. 1910-42-5 a dimethyl sulfate salt, a yellow solid, CAS No. 2074-50-2, has also been commercialized has been used as an agricultural herbicide, desiccant, and defoliation agent during pre-harvest used to control aquatic weeds dichloride has been utilized as a biological oxidation-reduction indicator use has been restricted. 

The herbicide diuron belongs to the group of phenylurea herbicides and is an inhibitor of the Photosystem II of algae and other plants. It is used not only as an agricultural herbicide but also as a biocide in paints and other consumer products. Diuron is a neutral compound and all its transformation products are neutral too (Eig. 4). All transformation products exhibit hydrophobicities within the same order of magnitude as the parent compoimd. DCPMU and DCPU are the products of demethylation on the amine group and MCPDMU has lost one chlorine substituent. All experimental physicochemical data were obtained from [39] and are given in Fig. 4. 

Talking of environmental impacts of biobased products, there are also other relevant issues apart from climate change. During agriculture, herbicides and pesticides may be used during production processes, emissions of diverse substances in air or water may take place, and if energetic conversion is the ultimate use, release of fine particulate matter may occur. Aiming at a holistic view on the environment, these possible impacts have to be taken into account as well. 

Hillaker, T. L. 1996. An assay for toxic chemicals using Rhizobium method as the indleatm Use of this test with agricultural herbicides. MS Thesis, Biology. New Mexico State University. 

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) is one of the world s most heavily used agricultural herbicides. It controls a variety of broadleaf weeds infesting com, sorghum and certain other crops. Atrazine is a moderately persistent herbicide, with half-lives ranging from several days to several mondis (1-4). It is frequendy detected in surface water (5,6), rainwater (7), tile drainage (8) and groundwater (9, 10), frequendy at concentrations exceeding die European Union standard of 0.1 pg 1, and the US-EPA maximum... 

Agriculture. Herbicides are commonly applied to row crras (e.g., corn, soybeans, cotton, sorghum) and used for selective weed control in smal grain crops (e.g., wheai barley, rye) and forages. 

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