Aerosol caps

Figure 4.49 Application of open two-point edge nozzles in a 16-cavity mould for the production of aerosol caps [16] - theologically balanced mould...

A number of topical products marketed as a pressurized aerosol may be dispensed in a metallic bottle with a screw cap. Topical dosage forms in aluminum tubes usually include a liner. A tube liner is frequently a lacquer or shellac whose composition should be stated. A metallic pressurized packaging system for a liquid-... 

The droplet size of topical aerosol sprays does not need to be carefully controlled, and the dose usually is not metered as in inhalers. The spray may be used to apply the drug to the skin (topical aerosol) or mouth (lingual aerosol) and the functionality of the sprayer should be addressed. The drug product has no contact with the cap and short-term contact with the nozzle. A topical aerosol may be sterile or may conform to acceptance criteria for microbial limits. However, the physical stability of aerosols can lead to changes in total drug delivered per dose and total number of doses that may be obtained from the container. 

Watson, W.A., Stremel, K.R., Westdorp, E.J. (1996). Oleoresin capsicum (cap-stun) toxicity from aerosol exposure. Ann. Pharmacother. 30 733-5. 

Cn(hfac)2 (7b) °. The qnality of the copper fihns deposited on the SAM diffusion barrier was high regarding pnrity and nniformity, comparable to that of films deposited on Si(lOO) and traditional diffnsion barriers (TiN). Copper selenide binary phases can be grown from Cn(acac)2 (7a) and trioctylphosphine selenide. Depending on the techniques applied, tetragonal Cn2Se (aerosol-assisted CVD) or cnbic Cn2 xSe nanoparticles capped with hexadecylamine (liqnid deposition) are prodnced. ... 

In summer, surface inversions over the ice cap are weaker, which stimulates aerosol mixing in the troposphere and its motion to the surface. A relative spreading of the tropopause favours the air transport from the lower stratosphere to the upper one. The transport takes place, apparently, near the boundaries of the continent, but it may also take place over its interiors. As a result, rather a homogeneous distribution of aerosol concentrations and composition over the Antarctic continent is observed [36]. 

Luce GT. Disintegration of tablets enteric coated with CAP. Manuf Chem Aerosol News 1978 49(7) 50, 52, 67. 

Mineral and carbonated drink bottles Caps for bottles and aerosols Carboys for industrial chemicals Coatings for tinplate cans Bottle crates Tote boxes... 

Closure types are also listed, including tamper-resistant and child-resistant caps. Liners are also given prominence, along with inner seals and elastomers when used as closures. Aerosols are given specific coverage since they affect both the rate and the amount of drug delivered. 

Sometimes a two-part cover is used where the inner section serves as an actuator and the outer section is rigid and performs the usual function of a cover in preventing accidental spraying by top pressure. The capped and labelled aerosols are then either packed into outers with or without divisions, or shrink wrapped. 

Another requirement which is likely to become of increasing importance with aerosols is the demand for child-resistant and tamper-evident closures. Although current FDA legislation only requires such closures to be applied to oven cleaners, it may well be extended to other aerosol products including some pharmaceuticals, and a number of approved child-resistant closures are already available. Most of these closures rely on the user either replacing the overcap or rotating the cap to a safe position for their effectiveness. 

Water is abundant on our planet, distinguishing Earth from all other planets in the solar system. More than 97% of Earth s water is in the oceans, with 2.1% in the polar ice caps and 0.6% in aquifers. The atmosphere contains only about one part in a hundred thousand (0.001%) of Earth s available water. However, the transport and phase distribution of this relatively small amount of water (estimated total liquid equivalent volume of 13,000 km3) are some of the most important features of Earth s climate. The existence of varying pressures and temperatures in the atmosphere and at the Earth s surface causes water to constantly transfer among its gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Clouds, fogs, rain, dew, and wet aerosol particles represent different forms of that water. Aqueous atmospheric particles play a major role in atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric radiation, and atmospheric dynamics. 

The concentration of salt in the marine aerosols depends strongly on the local wind force during sampling as shown in Table I and as documented by other investigators (31, 33). The salt is locally derived at the sea surface from white caps and spray associated with wind action. 

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