Atmospheric radiation

Fig. 17-4. Radiation heat balance. The 100 units of incoming shortwave radiahon are distributed reflected from earth s surface to space, 5 reflected from cloud surfaces to space, 20 direct reaching earth, 24 absorbed in clouds, 4 diffuse reaching earth through clouds, 17 absorbed in atmosphere, 15 scattered to space, 9 scattered to earth, 6. The longwave radiation comes from (1) the earth radiating 119 units 101 to the atmosphere and 18 directly to space, and (2) the atmosphere radiating 105 units back to earth and 48 to space. Additional transfers from the earth s surface to the atmosphere consist of latent heat, 23 and sensible heat, 10. Source After Lowry (4).

Goody, R. M. and Yung, Y. L. (1989). "Atmospheric Radiation." Oxford University Press, New York. 

Volume 26 Kug-Nan Liou. An Introduction to Volume 44 Atmospheric Radiation. 1980... 

The preceding calculation of the thermal energy balance of a planet neglected any absorption of radiation by molecules within the atmosphere. Radiation trapping in the infrared by molecules such as CO2 and H20 provides an additional mechanism for raising the surface temperature - the greenhouse effect. The local temperature of a planet can then be enhanced over its black body temperature by the atmosphere. 

We receive radiation from outer space as cosmic rays, solar radiation, and upper-atmosphere radiation. The higher the altitude at which you live, the greater will he your exposure to cosmic radiation from space. Since nuclear radiation accumulates in our bodies... 

R.M. Goody, Atmospheric Radiation, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964. 

Airplane travel can increase our exposure to cosmic and solar radiation that is normally blocked by the atmosphere. Radiation intensity is greater across the poles and at higher altitudes, thus individual exposure varies depending on the route of travel. Storms on the sun can produce solar flares that can release larger amounts of radiation than normal. For the occasional traveler this radiation exposure is well below recommended limits established by regulatory authorities. However, frequent... 

Meteorites, atmospheric radiation and, 3 299 Meteorology, radiation and, 3 293 Methacrylic esters, photocatalytic conversion, 43 431 Methane... 

In this chapter, we give a brief overview of the fundamentals of spectroscopy and photochemistry needed in atmospheric chemistry for detailed treatments, see Calvert and Pitts (1966), Okabe (1978), Turro (1978), Wayne (1988), and Gilbert and Baggott (1991). Specifics for individual molecules are found in Chapter 4. Excellent treatments of atmospheric radiation are given by Liou (1980), Goody and Yung (1989), and Lenoble (1993). 

Liou, K.-N., An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Academic Press, New York, 1980. 

C. AEROSOL PARTICLES, ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE... 

Sasha Madronich generously not only reviewed the section on atmospheric radiation, but provided his unpublished calculations of actinic fluxes at different altitudes in a form useful to the atmospheric chemistry community for estimates of photolysis rates from the troposphere through the stratosphere. A number of colleagues reviewed chapters or portions of chapters, and their insightful comments and suggestions are... 

Goody, R M., 1964. Atmospheric Radiation, Vol. 1 Theoretical Basis, Oxford University Press, London. c 14 "... 

R. M. Goody and Y. L. Yung, Atmospheric Radiation - Theoretical Basis, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 1989. 

Since 1992 the two Italian stations of Rome, urban site (latitude 41.9° N, longitude 12.5° E, altitude 60 m), and Ispra, semi-rural site (latitude 45.8° N, longitude 8.6° E, altitude 240 m), collect regular continuous measurements of spectral UV (290-325 nm) irradiance by means of Brewer Spectrophotometry. The measured data are compared with the output of the STAR model (System for Transfer of Atmospheric Radiation) [1], STAR is a multiple scattering radiative transfer model which considers all atmospheric factors modulating UV radiation at ground (ozone, aerosol, clouds, pollutants, albedo, pressure, temperature, humidity) [2], The model involves combination of a radiative transfer code, an initialisation procedure and an integration scheme. 

Figure 6 shows the productivity, the heat flows, and some of the more significant temperatures of the still as they varied throughout the 72-hour run. As shown, the maximum distillate outputs each day occurred near 7 p.m. and 10 a.m., respectively. The total radiation curve shown in Figure 6 is the sum of the solar and atmospheric radiation. 

On a 24-hour basis, the atmospheric radiation is twice as much as the solar radiation. It is doubtful that the atmospheric radiation contributes to the useful output of the still most, if not all of it, is reradiated to the sky. However, with the methods used to measure radiation for the energy balance, it is necessary to account for radiation from all sources. 

Figure 14. Spectra obtained from data accumulated by the RBFWI during a recent flight of the instrument. Atmospheric radiators are identified.

Analysis of these data showed that the heat balance cannot be closed an additional input of 20Wm-2 to the atmosphere is needed. Attempts to use different versions of input data bases were unable to remove this imbalance. Since water vapor balance could be closed using the same data, it seems that this imbalance is caused by inadequate estimates of the atmospheric radiation balance as a result of underestimation of calculated values of solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere. 

In connection with the SHEBA project, the U.S. Department of Energy s Atmosphere Radiation Measurement (ARM) program indicated its intention to develop a Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) facility on the North Slope of Alaska. The principal focus of this program will be on atmospheric radiative transport, especially as modified by clouds (such transport impacts the growth and decay of sea ice), as well as testing, validation, and comparison of radiation transfer models in both the ice pack and Arctic coastal environment. 

Platt C.M.R. and Austin R.T. (2002). Remotely controlled, continuous observations of infrared radiance with the CSIRO/ARM Mark II radiometer of the SGP CART site. Proceedings of the 12th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting (St. Petersburg, Florida, April 8-12, 2002), pp. 1-10. 

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