Inhalation aerosol administration

Educating the Patient and Family If die patient is to use an aerosol inhalator for administration of die bronchodilator, die nurse provides a... 

Administration of oral LSD in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mcg/kg had dose-related effects on NF scores (Fig. 92). Variation in individual response to LSD exceeded variation observed with belladonnoids. On average, however, it is obvious that the larger dose produced scores close to the incapacitating level (ID50), while the 1.0 mcg/kg dose produced scores close to the MED50 level (six subjects at each dose). Later, aerosol administration revealed that inhalation effects were only about 30% as great as by the oral route. 

Plasma concentrations after aerosol administration are substantially lower than those observed after a comparable IV dose. The extent of pentamidine accumulation and distribution following chronic inhalation therapy are not known. 

Virazole is a brand name for ribavirin, a synthetic nucleoside with antiviral activity. VIRAZOLE for inhalation solution is a sterile, lyophilized powder to be reconstituted for aerosol administration. Each 100-mL glass vial contains 6 g ribavirin, and when reconstituted to the recommended volume of 300 mL with sterile water for injection... 

Leuprolide acetate Treatment of prostate cancer Rat Human male volunteer Inhalation, intranasal administration Successful systemic delivery via lung Bioavailability of suspension aerosols four-fold greater than that of solution aerosol [72]... 

Aerosol Administration You have heard of a small start-up firm that is developing techniques to apply drugs via the lungs. The drug is sprayed to form a fine aerosol that is then inhaled. 

The feasibility of aerosol administration of aj-PI has also been examined [229], ai-PI was administered by inhalation at a dose of 100 mg every 12 h for 7 days to a group of a,-PI deficient patients. After a single inhalation dose of inhibitor, BALF a,-PI levels increased approximately 6-fold relative to pre-therapy levels. After one week of twice daily therapy, BALF levels were approximately 21-fold higher than at the initiation of the trials. The... 

Recombinant a,-PI produced in yeast has also been clinically evaluated. This material is essentially identical to a -PI purified from human serum with respect to its protein sequence and its ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase however, it contains no carbohydrates. As such, one would suspect that the elimination rate following intravenous administration would be similar to that described for desialylated a -PI as described above [225]. In monkeys r-a,-PI disappeared from circulation with a half-life of 69 3 min. compared to a half-life of 2.4 0.2 days for a,-PI isolated from human serum [230], Rapid elimination following parenteral administration does not, however, preclude aerosol administration of the recombinant material. Aerosol administration of yeast-produced r-a,-PI, in doses ranging from 10 to 200 mg, resulted in a dose-dependent elevation of both antigenic recombinant a,-PI and EIC of BALF from apPI deficient individuals. Four hours after administration of a 200 mg dose of recombinant aj-PI, EIC was increased 40-fold over pre-treatment levels. Twenty-four hours post-dose, levels had declined to a 5-fold elevation relative to base-line levels. Modest increases of serum a,-PI levels were observed 24 h post-inhalation of the 200 mg dose [231], In this study, no adverse clinical reactions or evidence of sensitization to recombinant a,-PI were reported. 

Bromhexine is taken orally or by aerosol and reduces sputum viscosity as measured ex vivo. Although it is still used empirically by some physicians, there have been no controlled studies showing a significant improvement in clinical status or lung function. Administration by inhalation aerosol or nasal spray produces a local expectorant/ mucolytic effect (1). Inhaled bromhexine (Paxirasol) reduces the amount of sputum, but does not reduce symptoms (SEDA-17, 208). 

Horses appear to be more sensitive to the adrenosuppressive effects of aerosolized corticosteroids than human patients. Documentation of systemic absorption (adrenal suppression) of inhaled beclometasone and fluticasone raises concerns that other systemic glucocorticoid effects may occur following aerosol administration of corticosteroids. The administration of adrenosuppressive doses (>1600 p,g/day) of beclometasone dipropionate to asthmatic human patients does not produce the other systemic side-effects of glucocorticoid administration, including a roimd face (Cushingoid facies), polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, obesity, altered carbohydrate metabolism, osteoporosis, abortion, posterior subcapsular cataract and aseptic necrosis of the... 

After a brief explanation of the factors governing deposition of aerosol particles in the lung, the common methods of administration of inhalation aerosols have been described. The drugs most frequently delivered by this route are bronchodilators. Correct administration and the use of inhaler accessories, such as spacer devices, enhance the efficacy of inhaled drugs. It is essential that the patient be instructed in the correct use of the devices to optimize the therapeutic effect. 

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