AE method

One of the primary tasks in connection with the use of AE method is to identify defects by the AE parameters. For identification of nature of the destruction centre in the polymeric composites it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of their heterogeneous structure, that is presence of at least two different components (filler and connector), and also boundary transitional layers. 

TLC atomic emission spectrometric (AES) method was developed to determine tantalum in molybdenum alloys containing > 0.5% tantalum. The procedure involves the separation of tantalum from molybdenum alloy on a silica gel layer (0.3 mm thick) using 10.0-MHCl -f acetone (1 1) as developer and the subsequent determination of tantalum by AES [43]. 

Identification of sources of analytical bias in method development and method validation is another very important application of reference materials in geochemical laboratories. USGS applied simplex optimization in establishing the best measurement conditions when the ICP-AES method was introduced as a substitute for AAS in the rapid rock procedure for major oxide determinations (Leary et al. 1982). The optimized measurement parameters were then validated by analyzing a number of USGS rock reference samples for which reference values had been established first by classical analyses. Similar optimization of an ICP-AES procedure for a number of trace elements was validated by the analysis of U S G S manganese nodule P-i (Montaser et al. 1984). 

Similarly, some INAA data contributed to the derivation of a reference value for Ba in SDO-i were biased high by an interference from Ru (Wandless 1993). The Ru is a fission product of U, whose concentration of 40 qg/g is relatively high in SDO-1. In this case, no appropriate reference sample was available for analysis to control the SDO-1 results the interference was identified through the disagreement between INAA data and data produced using XRF and ICP-AES methods on the same sample. A bias-free method again resulted when analysis of an atypical type led to detection of a rarely encountered but sizeable spectral overlap. Once identified, correction was straightforward. 

A simple, rapid and accurate ICP-AES method was developed for the analysis of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Ti in polypropylene [198]. With optimised operating parameters and analytical wavelength, RSD was below... 

Blood and tissue Digestion of sample with HN03 / Hcl04/ H2S04 heat ICP/AES (Method P CAM 8005) 0.01 pg/g (blood) 0.2 pg/g (tissue) 113 NIOSH 1985a... 

Urine Extraction of sample with polydithio-carbamate resin and NaOH filtration on cellulose ester membrane neutralization with NaOH ashing dissolution and heating dilution with distilled water ICP/AES (Method P CAM 8310) 0.005 pg/mL 100 NIOSH 1984... 

Air (particulate lead) Collection of particulate matter onto cellulose acetate membrane filter wet ashing with HN03 / HCI04 ICP/AES (Method P CAM 7300) 5 pg/m3 95-105 NIOSH 1984... 

The AE methods have been used to determine the effects of different algae as food sources in the bioaccumulation of radiolabelled essential (Co, Se, Zn) and nonessential trace metals (Ag, Am, Cd, Cr) in the mussel Mytilus edulis [94]. Assimilation of essential metals was correlated with carbon assimilation, but not nonessential metals. The distribution of the metal in the alga and the gut passage time in the mussel was found to be important. 

In Ae method which has just been described the Dnsumption of blue gas is about I l to i 3 cubic feet er cubic foot of hydrogen, or assuming a consumption... 

Flow injection analysis is based on the injection of a liquid sample into a continuously flowing liquid carrier stream, where it is usually made to react to give reaction products that may be detected. FIA offers the possibility in an on-line manifold of sample handling including separation, preconcentration, masking and color reaction, and even microwave dissolution, all of which can be readily automated. The most common advantages of FIA include reduced manpower cost of laboratory operations, increased sample throughput, improved precision of results, reduced sample volumes, and the elimination of many interferences. Fully automated flow injection analysers are based on spectrophotometric detection but are readily adapted as sample preparation units for atomic spectrometric techniques. Flow injection as a sample introduction technique has been discussed previously, whereas here its full potential is briefly surveyed. In addition to a few books on FIA [168,169], several critical reviews of FIA methods for FAAS, GF AAS, and ICP-AES methods have been published [170,171]. 

Elemental composition Fe 46.55%, S 53.45%. The mineral may be characterized nondestructively by x-ray techniques. The compound may be analyzed for iron by AA or ICP/AES methods following digestion with nitric acid and appropriate dilution. 

Elemental composition La 56.63%, Cl 43.36%. The salt and its hydrate may be characterized by x-ray methods. Water of crystallization may be determined by gravimetry. Lanthanum may be analyzed by flame or furnace AA or by ICP-AES methods (See Lanthanum). Chloride ion in an aqueous solution of the salt may be measured by titration with a standard solution of silver nitrate or mercuric nitrate or by ion chromatography following appropriate dilution. 

The compound is analyzed in aqueous phase by cold vapor-AA or ICP/AES method (See Mercury). It also may be derivatized with an olefin or benzene in alcohol to yield the corresponding mercuration product that may be identified from physical and spectral properties and elemental analysis. An ether or alcoholic solution of the compound may be analyzed by GC/MS. The characteristic masses should be 259, 257, 256, 202, and 200. 

Rubidium and its salts may be analyzed by flame AA, flame photometric and ICP/AES methods. Rb metal imparts a deep red color to flame. 

Thallium may be analyzed by flame- and furnace- AA spectrophotometric methods and also by the ICP-AES methods. For the flame-AA analysis, an air-acetylene flame is satisfactory. The ICP- AES measurement may be carried... 

The metal can he analyzed hy lame-AA and ICP-AES methods. Ytterbium or its compounds are dissolved by acid digestion and diluted before such analysis. X-ray methods and neutron activation analysis are also applicable. 

Elemental composition Yb 87.82%, 0 12.18%. Ytterbium oxide is dissolved in dilute acids and diluted for analysis by flame-AA or ICP-AES methods. The oxide may be characterized by x-ray. 

Determination of Mg in the hard tissues (shell and pearl) of shellfish by the ICP-AES method involves dissolution of the sample by hot concentrated nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and perchloric acid. However, the large excess of Ca in the matrix strongly interferes with the end analysis and causes damage to the torch. After adjusting the pH to 4.5, the Mg ions were extracted by a 0.01 M solution of 3-methyl-l-phenyl-4-trifluoroacetylpyrazol-5-one (16) in dibutyl ether and the ICP-AES analysis was carried out by direct injection of the organic solution. ... 

A drawback of the AES method (12) is that it samples a weighted average over several outer layers of the sample, depending on the escape depth of the measured electrons. A comparison of results of this technique and chemisorp-tive titration (13,14), in which chemisorption takes place selectively on one of the constituent atoms, has been made for the Pt-Sn system. This has provided information on the concentration profiles near the surface. 

It is clear that the acoustic emission technique is capable of providing valuable information on the in situ strength of surface treated fibers, especially at very small gauge lengths approaching the critical aspect ratio of the fiber in the composite. The AE method should also be useful in extending the SFC test to opaque matrix resins, through which fiber fracture cannot be observed by the optical microscope. 

Hazardous waste analysis 85-115 percent for AA methods and 75-125 percent for ICP-AES methods... 

The evidence of a correlation between the drying induced stresses and the AE is illustrated on the cylindrical kaolin sample under convective drying. Although the AE method enables us to point out the period in which the stresses reach maximal values, we are not able yet to assess the magnitude of these stresses. 

The other method that is sometimes proposed is the "amine equivalent" (AE) method. 

Abel AE. Methods of decontaminating nuclear waste-containing soil. US Patent 5,495,062, 1996. 

Andrasi E, Nadasdi J, MolnarZ, BezurL, Ernyei L (1990) Determination of main and trace element contents in human brain by NAA and ICP-AES methods. Biol Trace Elem Res 26-27 691-698 Andrasi E, Suhajda M, Saray 1, Bezur L, Ernyei L, Reffy A (1993) Concentration of elements in human brain glioblastoma multiforme. Sci Total Environ 139-140 399-402 Andrews GK (2001) Cellular zinc sensors MTF-1 regulation of gene expression. Biometals 14 223-237... 

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