Power to mass ratio

With its higher RMS power to mass ratio, the ohmic and entropic heating will be significant in hybrid batteries. As seen with the soft hybrid battery, a reasonable rate... 

The unfortunate drawback to prestraining films is that a rigid frame, or other structure, must be used to maintain the tension in the film. The added mass of the supporting structure increases the total mass of the DE device, which can significantly reduce the effective work density and power to mass ratio of the actuator. The prestrained films may also relax or fatigue over time. This reduces the shelf life of the DE devices. 

IPN films have the added benefits of reducing viscoelasticity and enhancing mechanical stability as compared to regular VHB acrylic elastomers [201]. Reduced viscoelasticity has led to improvements in mechanical efficiency as seen in Fig. 1.16. These materials should open the door to a host of new actuator configurations and applications with minimal supporting stmctures and very high power-to-mass ratios. 

Principles and Characteristics Fractional solution procedures usually consist of consecutive extractions with solvents of increasing solvent power. These labour intensive methods benefit from a larger surface area to mass ratio. Other methods for fractionation by solubility rely on fractional precipitation through addition of a nonsolvent, lowering the temperature or solvent volatilisation (Section 3.7). 

The most attractive approach to reducing the specific impulse of electrostatic accelerators and thereby to maintain reasonable electrical power system requirements is to choose a propellant with a small charge to mass ratio. In direct contrast to electrothermal rockets, electrostatic rockets require propellants with large molecular weights for efficient operation. 

Eq. (2) shows that the maximum charge-to-mass ratio is inversely proportional to the size of the particle. This equation shows that the maximum charge-to-mass ratio of a 100 p particle will be 10 times lower than a 10 p particle. It is also important to note that because the mass of a spherical particle is proportional to the third power of a particle s radius, the mass of one 100 p spherical particle is the same as that of a thousand 10 p particles. 

Power density is the ratio of the power available from a battery to its volume (W/liter). Specific power generally refers to the ratio of power to mass (W/kg). Comparison of electrical power (P) to cell mass is more common. Defined by... 

Resolving power (mass). The ability to distinguish between ions differing slightly in mass-to-charge ratio. It can be characterized by giving the peak width, measured in mass units, expressed as a function of mass, for at least two points on the peak, specifically for 50% and for 5% of the maximum peak height. 

A specially designed water induction system was used in the Provo-Orem bus to increase the water induction mass ratio when operating at or near full power setting. Engine performance data as a function of the equivalence ratio and water injection mass ratio are shown in Figure 7. 

Typical mass resolution values measured on the LIMA 2A range from 250 to 750 at a mass-to-charge ratio M/ Z= 100. The parameter that appears to have the most influence on the measured mass resolving power is the duration of the ionization event, which may be longer than the duration of the laser pulse (5—10 ns), along with probable time broadening effects associated with the l6-ns time resolution of the transient recorder. ... 

In electrical power stations a new measure of the performance is the amount of CO2 produced per unit of electricity generated, i.e. A = kg(C02)/kWh this quantity can be non-dimensionalised by writing A = A( 16/44)(LCV) where (16/44) is the mass ratio of fuel to CO2 for methane and (LCV) in its lower heating value. However, presenting the plant s green performance in terms of A directly allows the cost of any tax on the carbon dioxide to be added to the untaxed cost of electricity production most easily. 

The ratio Zt/Zp is in technical reactors much higher than 1. It becomes, e.g. also for a small scale reactor of V-IOOL (H/D = 2 D = 0.4 m) equipped with three turbines (d/D = 0.3) and working at a average impeller power per mass of only = lmVs in media with water like viscosity to Zt/Zp>36...72. The maximal energy dissipation in the impeller zones, required for the calculation of length scale of turbulence here taken from Eq. (20). 

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