Low-temperature ionic liquids

For a review of salts formerly thought of as low-temperature ionic liquids, see Mamantov, G., Molten salt electrolytes in secondary batteries, in Materials for Advanced Batteries (Murphy, D. W., Broadhead, J., and Steele, B.C. H. eds.). Plenum Press, New York, 1980,... 

Kosmulski M, Gustafsson, Rosenholm JB (2004) Thermal stability of low temperature ionic liquids revisited. Thermochim Acta 412 47-53... 

The solution chemistry of nonaqueous solvents is very different from that of water-rich mixed solvents. pH measurement in nonaqueous solvents is difficult or impossible. Salts often show a limited degree of dissociation and limited solubility (see [132] for solubility of salts in organic solvents). Ions that adsorb nonspecifically from water may adsorb specifically from nonaqueous solvents, and vice versa. Therefore, the approach used for water and water-rich mixed solvents is not applicable for nonaqueous solvents, with a few exceptions (heavy water and short-chain alcohols). The potential is practically the only experimentally accessible quantity characterizing surface charging behavior. The physical properties of solvents may be very different from those of water, and have to be taken into account in the interpretation of results. For example, the Smoluchowski equation, which is often valid for aqueous systems, is not recommended for estimation of the potential in a pure nonaqueous solvent. Surface charging and related phenomena in nonaqueous solvents are reviewed in [3120-3127], Low-temperature ionic liquids are very different from other nonaqueous solvents, in that they consist of ions. Surface charging in low-temperature ionic liquids was studied in [3128-3132]. 

Kosmuiski, M. et al.. Physical properties of mixed tetrafluoroborate-chloride low temperature ionic liquids. Ann. Pol. Chem. Soc.. 2. 1025, 2003. 

A wide range of structural techniques may be utilised for the study of ionic liquids and dissolved species. Overall, in both high-temperature and low-temperature ionic liquids, as weU as for mixtures, a close correlation between the solid structure and the liquid is found. In many cases, significant intermediate order is observed, for example in the form of charge ordering. 

We have seen that the idea of an electrode film system is useful for electrochemistry of molten salts including low-temperature ionic liquids. It is not restricted, however, to this field only. As an example, the protective layer on lithium metal in aprotic organic electrolytes could be mentioned. This layer, so-called solid electrolyte interphase (SEl), exhibits properties of a polyfunctional conductor with high ionic conductivity (Li ions are the carriers) and low electronic conductivity of semiconductive nature. Some peculiarities of film systems with semiconductive character of electronic conductivity are considered below. 

Among his research interests are investigation of the cathode materials for the lithium-ion batteries, physical-chemical properties of low-temperature ionic liquids and electrochemistry of refractory metals in ionic liquids. Recently he has been taking part in the research and optimization on the industrial scale of processes of Zn, Zn-Fe and Zn-Ni alloy deposition. 

Mercaptobenzothiazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor in Low Temperature Ionic Liquids... 

The rate of corrosion of metals in both pure and water-and/or chloride-containing tetrafluoroborates can be substantially reduced in the presence of 2-mercaptobenzothia-zole. In 0.001 M 2-mercaptobenzothiazole the rate of corrosion drops by 70 % at 25 °C and by 60 % at 200 °C with respect to the corrosion rate in absence of corrosion inhibitor. We speculate that the other derivatives of azoles and thiazoles, which have been successful as corrosion inhibitors in aqueous media, can also be efficient in low temperature ionic liquids. 

Sherif, F.G., Shyu, L.J., Greco, C.G., Talma, A.G. and Lacroix, C.P.M., Linear allqrlbenzene formation using low-temperature ionic liquid and long-chain allqrlating agent, WO Pat. 9803454 (1998). 

Higher molybdenum oxidation states in chloride melts have been but little studied. The formation of Mo(IV) chloro-species in ionic media was reported in low-temperature ionic liquids nearly three decades ago [16] and... 

High temperature molten salts and low temperature ionic liquids (RTILs or ILs) share commonalities in that they are both composed of ions in the molten state without any additional solvent. These liquids can act as media for chemical and electrochemical reactions. Indeed since there is a high ionic concentration, these liquids can have beneficial properties for electrochemical studies. Generally wide electrochemical windows and differences in coordination properties mean that... 

Kosmulski, M. Marczewska-Boczkowska, K. Saneluta, C. (2002). Low Temperature Ionic Liquids - a Laboratory Curiosity or a Technological Revolution Przem. Chem., Vol.81, pp. 106-110 (in Polish)... 

The wide range of reactions fliat have been undertaken in low temperature ionic liquid solvents is quite remarkable. It is limited simply by ones imagination. The specific and tuneable solvent properties of ionic liquids are a key feature for flieir use as solvents and have... 

The wide range of reactions that have been undertaken in low temperature ionic liquid solvents is quite remarkable. It is limited simply by ones imagination. The specific and tunable solvent properties of ionic liquids are a key feature for their use as solvents and have been utilized, especially in combination with the catalytic properties of the chloroalumi-nate(III) ionic liquids, to develop a range of synthetically important catalytic reactions. Currently a number of these are being investigated as economically and environmentally viable alternatives to existing industrial processes. A number of reactions are summarized below for a more detailed discussion in this area readers are recommended to the recent reviews. " ... 

Carmichael AJ, Hardacre C, Holbrey JD, Nieuwenhuyzen M, Seddon KR (1999) A method for studying the structure of low-temperature ionic liquids by XAFS. Anal Chem 71 4572 574... 

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