Loads on Vehicles

Geometry plays a key role for the exterior skin of vehicles. Not all parts of the vehicle are irradiated by sunlight at the same angle. Some are even located in the shade due to the course of the sun, at least for some time. In the shade, components are no longer exposed to direct sunlight, but rather to diffuse solar radiation. 

The temperature load on components (Table 2.33) depends mainly on directly impacting solar radiation. Therefore, the point of component installation essentially determines its temperature load. However, component color also influences the level of temperature load [196]. 

Instrument panel, steering wheel on shaft, top under foil 92 [203] 

Behind rear seat back, left top center under leather 108 [203] 

Rear seat headrest, left top center under textile 116 [203] 

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V.22] UNITED KINGDOM DEPARTMENT OE TRANSPORT, Safety of Loads on Vehicles, HMSO, London (1984). 

The climatic load on vehicle interiors is strongly influenced by glazing, because it filters global radiation in different ways. Here, it is not so much the thickness but rather the type of glazing that is decisive. Figure 2.35 presents the transmission rates of different types of glass in the UV range [196]. 

HSE Guidance IND(G)78(L) - Transport of LPG cylinders by road Department of Transport Code of Practice - Safety of loads on vehicles... 

The test for evaluating individual vehicle emissions, the ETP (4), specifies that a test vehicle be stored in an area where the ambient temperature is between 20 and 29°C for at least 12 hours immediately prior to the emission test. Then, the vehicle is placed on a chassis dynamometer which is calibrated for the vehicle weight and road load. The vehicle is started and driven for 41 min on a prescribed cycle of accelerations, cmises, decelerations, idles, a 10-min shutdown (called the hot soak), and a period of remn. 

Forkdift drivers need to be skilled, experienced, and safetyconscious, since the misplacement of a pallet on a high stack can present a serious hazard. They work in well-insulated protective clothing and in short spells within a shift if the room is much below 0°C. Fork-lift trucks are available with enclosed, heated driver s cabs. Extra staff are required if the traffic is constant. Targe stores will have a wide loading platform outside at floor level to permit fork-lift trucks to manoeuvre their loads onto vehicles. 

A crash test rig was developed to simulate the high loads on components in and on street vehicles in the case of a colhsion. It provides profiles of deformation, energy dissipation and retardation as a function of time. The effect of test velocity and temp, on the behaviour of PP foam (Neopolen P) samples of various density was examined. 2 refs. 

V2) Vehicle Transportation Test. The purpose of this test is to det the transportability of items in regard to safety and operability. The test is conducted with items loaded on different vehicles such as trucks and driven over various types of roads for many hours or days. At the completion of the run the items are examined and results interpreted (p IIIB-19 of Ref 39)... 

X-Ray Blow-Off Impulse Loading on a Reentry Vehicle Aft End Using Light Initiated High Explosive , The Shock and Vibration Bulletin,... 

Cu was loaded on Raney Ni. The catalyst contained 68.9% Ni, 28.2% Cu, and 2.9% Al. Production of H2 + CH4 + C02 by coupling low-temperature ethanol decomposition and WGS reaction is more energy efficient and suitable for hybrid vehicles. 

Except for preconditioning the evaporative emission control canister, the emission tests were performed as prescribed (3, 4, 5, 6). As an expedient, test variability attributable to variable HC loading on the evaporative control canister was eliminated by using a purged canister for all tests. All cold start tests were performed after a minimum 12-hr vehicle soak time. 

This paper applies information from earlier "Warm-up - Underfloor Converter" studies [1,2,3] and investigates tlie use of a Pd front brick, Pt/Rh rear brick underfloor converter. This paper consists of two studies. These studies will investigate the effects on vehicle emissions of 1) Pd front catalyst volume, 2) Pd loading, 3) Pd catalyst teclmology, 4) rear brick Pt/Rli loading, 5) rear brick Pt/Rh washcoat teclmology and 6) air/fliel control. 

The formulation of emission factors for mobile sources, the major sources of VOCs and NO, is based on rather complex emission estimation models used in conjunction with data from laboratory testing of representative groups of motor vehicles. Vehicle testing is performed with a chassis dynamometer, which determines the exhaust emission of a vehicle as a function of a specified ambient temperature and humidity, speed, and load cycle. The current specified testing cycle is called the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). Based on results from this set of vehicle emissions data, a computer model has been developed to simulate for specified speeds, temperatures, and trip profiles, for example, the emission factors to be applied for the national fleet average for all vehicles or any specified distribution of vehicle age and type. These data are then incorporated with activity data on vehicle miles traveled as a function of spatial and temporal allocation factors to estimate emissions. 

Heat flux with a 1-atm compressive load on the tank was found to be 20 Btu/hr-ft. This is a relatively low value when compared to foam-type insulations under 1 in. thick used on today s liquid-hydrogen vehicles. Vacuum within the insulation for this ground-hold condition was about 5 /x Hg. 

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