Advanced Lead-Acid Battery

The energy costs of building vehicles must also be considered. For ICE vehicles, more energy is usually used in construction of the vehicle than -will be consumed in fuel for driving 100,000 miles. For the EV, the dynamics are even worse since the material and energy costs of batteries are considerable. Batteries are expensive since they entail a substantial amount of material (added weight) and often involve multiple complex construction. For example, the thirty-two advanced lead-acid batteries for the 1995 GM Impact weighed over 850 pounds. 

Current collector for advanced lead acid batteries Graphite used as conductive diluent in the cathode Conductive diluent in the cathode Anode-active material component... 

Proc. First Meeting of the PCL Study Group, West Sussex, UK, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 1993. 

R.D. Prengaman, in K.R. Bullock, D. Pavlov (Eds.), Proc. Symp. Advances Lead-Acid Batteries, Proc. Vol. 84-14, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, USA, 1984, pp. 201-213. 

Universite de Nancy, CEAC-France, Riole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse, Metaleurop Recherche, Bright Euram Project BE-7297, Task 8 Effect of alloying elements on the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance arui passivation of the positive grid. Final Report, 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1997, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 1998. 

L.T. Lam, H. Ceylan, N.P. Haigh, T. Lwin, C.G. Phyland, D.A.J. Rand, D.G. Vella, ALABC Project N3.1, Influence of residual elements in lead and expander materials on the oxygen- andjor hydrogen-gassing rates of lead-acid batteries. Semi-annual Report 1 July to 31 December 2001, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2001. 

Hammond Expanders Division of Hammond Group, Inc., Hawker Energy Products, Inc., Bipolar Power Corporation, ALABC Project B-0008.5, Development of new expander for the VRLA battery in electric vehicle applications. Final Report 1 July 1997 to 30 June 1999, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 1999. 

The beneficial effect of compression in extending the cycle-life of VRLA batteries was confirmed in a project carried out by the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) [17]. The work also showed that the composition of the micro-fine glass separator has an important influence on cycle-life, namely, a higher... 

A.F. Hollenkamp, K.K. Constant , M.I. Koop, K. McGregor, ALABC Project AMC-003. Advanced Lead Acid Batteries for Electric Vehicles Examination of Premature Capacity Loss. Final Report April 1993-March 1995, Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, Research Triangle Park, NC,... 

When attention focused on pure-electric vehicles (EVs) at the beginning of the 1990s, it was clear that the VRLA battery could not deliver the desired service-life. Within a decade, however, the industry, supported by the extensive research programme mounted by the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC), had made the necessary investment in research and development to achieve a ten-fold increase in deep-cycle life. The VRLA battery was then able to compete with alternative chemistries (e.g., nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride, lithium-ion) as an acceptable power source for EVs. 

Much of the recent advancement of VRLA technology has been achieved through a co-operative research effort under the auspices of the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABQ. The main effort has been directed towards the development of VRLA battery systems for new-generation road transportation — electric and hybrid electric vehicles — that will reduce fuel consumption and lower emissions. The progress gained in this endeavour will ultimately also benefit the enormously important markets in telecommunications and remote-area power supplies. 

ALABC Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium... 

Fig.4. DaimlerChrysler Epic Minivan Advanced Lead-Acid Battery.

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