Administration routes subcutaneous injection

Biologic response modifiers (BRMs) are indicated in patients who have failed an adequate trial of DMARD therapy.1 BRMs may be added to DMARD monotherapy (i.e., methotrexate) or replace ineffective DMARD therapy.22 The decision to select a particular agent generally is based on the prescriber s comfort level with monitoring the safety and efficacy of the medications, the frequency and route of administration, the patient s comfort level or manual dexterity to self-administer subcutaneous injections, the cost, and the availability of insurance coverage.23 In general, BRMs should be avoided in patients with serious infections, demyelinating disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis or optic neuritis) or heart failure.21... 

Liposomes tend to remain at the injection site when they are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Therefore, these administration routes are useful for slow and sustained release of drugs at the injection site. 

In rodents, copper administered by single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is lethal at 3 to 7 mg Cu/kg BW (Table 3.7). Mice died when their drinking water contained 640 mg Cu/L (Table 3.7). In rats, copper accumulation in kidneys and lungs is similar regardless of route of administration (Romeu-Moreno et al. 1994). Concentrations of copper in serum of rats (Rattus sp.) reflect dietary copper concentrations in liver and kidney are directly related to serum Cu and ceruloplasmin (Petering et al. 1977). As serum Cu concentrations rise in rats, levels fall for serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids (Petering et al. 1977). 

Nickel salts administered by intravenous or subcutaneous injection are comparatively toxic. For all routes of parenteral administration, the LD50 (lethal dose to 50% of the sample) range for injected nickel salts is 6 mg Ni/kg BW for dogs given nickel oxide intravenously to 600 mg Ni/kg BW for mice given nickel disodium F.DTA intraperitoneally (Nielsen 1977). 

No antibody activity was found after oral immunization in any of the individual rabbits immunized with liposphere R32NS 1-vaccine formulation. However, rabbit immunization by all parenteral routes tested resulted in enhanced immunogenicity, with increased antibody IgG levels over the entire postimmunization period. The individual rabbit immune response shows that immunization by subcutaneous injection was the most effective vaccination route among all parenteral routes of administration tested. 

In long-term animal studies, dimethyl carbamoyl chloride produced local tumors by each of three routes of administration. Two milligrams applied to the skin of mice three times/week for 492 days caused skin papillomas in 40 of 50 animals of these, 30 progressed to skin carcinomas. After weekly subcutaneous injections of 5 mg for 26 weeks, 36 of 50 female... 

The standard mode of insulin therapy has traditionally been by subcutaneous injection using disposable needles/syringes. However, other routes of administration, including continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps and inhalation of finely powdered aerosolized insulin, are currently being explored. 

Parenteral administration This route is applicable for drugs which are inactivated by gastrointestinal tract or absorption is poor when given orally or there is a urgency for fast response in small dose. Intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous routes are commonly used. The intravenous injection (in aqueous solution) is introduced directly into the vein by which a rapid response is produced. The subcutaneous injection are given through the layer of skin, while intramuscular injection, introduced through the skin layer deep into the muscle. The nature of intramuscular injection may be in aqueous or oily solution/suspension form. The aqueous solution will be rapidly absorbed as compared to oily solution or suspension. So, the rate of absorption is dependent on the nature of the preparation. 

Some of the dosage formulations available for protein pharmaceuticals are listed in Table 5.7. An examination of Table 5.7 reveals that no protein drug up until this time has been formulated for oral administration. Most protein drugs are administered by means of injection (parenteral administration). Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraspinal or intrathecal, intramuscular, intrasynovial, intracuta-neous or intradermal, subcutaneous injections, and injection directly into a dermal lesion (e.g., a wart). The parenteral route of administration requires a much higher standard of purity and sterility than oral administration. It also may require trained... 

Route of administration Leukine solution and reconstituted lyophilized Leukine are suitable for subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion. 

Route of administration Neulasta is administered by subcutaneous injection. A physician may determine that a patient or caregiver can safely administer Neulasta at home. 

Route of administration Infergen is to be administered undUuted by subcutaneous injection. 

Route of administration Betaseron is intended for subcutaneous injection. Patients should be instructed in injection techniques to assure the safe seff-adminis-tration of Betaseron. Sites for self-injection include arms, abdomen, hips, and thighs. 

Route of administration Actimmune is given by subcutaneous injection. Optimal... 

Route of adnunistration Kineret is intended for administration by means of subcutaneous injection. 

Route of administration Rebif is intended for subcutaneous injection. Appropriate instruction for self-injection or injection by a caregiver should be provided. If a patient is to self-administer Rebif, the ability of that patient to self-administer and properly dispose of syringes should be assessed. The initial injection should be performed under supervision. Patients should be advised of the importance of rotating sites of injection with each dose, to minimize the likelihood of severe injection reactions or necrosis. 

Route of administration Humulin 50/50, Humulin 70/30, Humulin L, Humulin N, Humulin R, Humulin R (U-500), and Humulin U are for subcutaneous injection only. The same applies to formulations containing Novolin. Velosulin BR is indicated... 

Route of administration Glucagon for injection (rDNA origin) may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. 

Route of administration Humatrope and Saizen are intended for subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. Genotropin, Nutropin, and Serostim are intended for subcutaneous use. Norditropin is intended for subcutaneous injection in the thighs after reconstitution. Nutropin Depot in administered by subcutaneous injection once or twice a month. 

Route of administration Gonal-F is to be administered as a subcutaneous injection. 

Route of administration Lupron Injection is intended for subcutaneous injection. Lupron Depot is intended for intramuscular injection. 

Route of administration Zoladex is injected as a subcutaneous implant. The injection site of choice is the upper abdominal wall, but the midline of the lower abdomen has also been used. 

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