Adjuvants, function

Activated charcoal, protection from herbicide action, 50 Activated sludge systeiss, disadvantage, 172 Acute tests, pesticides, 342 Adjuvants, function, 233 Adoption theory, operators likely to Implement technology, 256 Advanced Genetic Sciences Company (AGS), 320... 

Agrochemical adjuvants are widely used to improve agrochemical applications. Improvement can be interpreted as better weed/disease control or reducing active ingredient per hectare , or even reducing amount of water to spray per hectare . Claims related to the adjuvant function vary from wetter , spreader , sticker , penetrator to synergist . 

However, it is clear that the adjuvant function can be incorporated in pesticide formulations as well. For convenience, we refer in this context to formulation-adjuvant . 

Soltysik S, Wu JY, Recchia J, Wheeler DA, Newman MJ, Coughlin RT, Kensil CR (1995) Structure/function studies of QS-21 adjuvant assessment of triterpene aldehyde and glucuronic acid roles in adjuvant function. Vaccine 13 1403-1410... 

Adjuvants are substances which can modify the immune response of an antigen (139,140). With better understanding of the functions of different arms of the immune system, it is possible to explore the effects of an adjuvant, such that the protective efficacy of a vaccine can be improved. At present, aluminum salt is the only adjuvant approved for use in human vaccines. New adjuvants such as QS-21, 3D-MPL, MF-59, and other liposome preparations are being evaluated. Several of these adjuvants have been in clinical trial, but none have been approved for human use. IL-12 has been proposed as an adjuvant which can specifically promote T-helper 1 ceU response, and can be a very promising adjuvant for future vaccine development. 

The effects of dmgs and adjuvants must be assessed, both in short-term administration and during chronic treatment. Local effects include changes in mucocihary clearance, cell damage, and irritation. Chronic erosion of the mucous membrane may lead to inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and deterioration of normal nasal function (76). 

Salomon I, Netzer N, Wildbaum G, Schif-Zuck S, Maor G, Karin N. Targeting the function of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 suppresses ongoing adjuvant arthritis. J Immunol 2002 169(5) 2685-2693. 

Schonherr J, Baur P (1996) Effects of temperature, surfactants and other adjuvants on rates of uptake of organic compounds. In Kerstiens G (ed) Plant cuticles an integrated functional approach. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford UK, chap 6... 

The structure of the native immunostimulatory MDPs was found to be IV-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. (/V-Acetyl muramic acid is a base component of bacterial peptidoglycan.) Native TDM is a potent pyrogen and is too toxic for general use as an adjuvant. The molecular basis underlining MDP s adjuvanticity remains to be fully elucidated. Administration of MDP, however, is known to activate a number of cell types that play direct/indirect roles in immune function, and induces the secretion of various immunomodulatory cytokines (Table 13.14). 

Macrocyclic compounds with ion-chelating properties occur naturally and often function as ionophores, translocating ions across biological membranes many of these compounds are small cyclic polypeptides. Some natural carboxylic polyethers are selective for Li+ and are, therefore, ionophores for Li+. Monensin, shown in Figure Id, is a natural ionophore for Na+ but it will also complex with Li+ and it has been shown to mediate the transport of Li+ across phospholipid bilayers [21]. It has been proposed that synthetic Li+-specific ionophores have a potential role as adjuvants in lithium therapy, the aim being to reduce the amount of... 

Zidan J, Rubenstein W (1999) Effect of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy on thyroid function in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Oncology 56 43-45... 

CpG ODNs are also effective as vaccine adjuvants to enhance adaptive TH1 cellular immune responses.104 In mice, CpG ODNs can trigger strong TH1 responses,105 enhancing the number and function of tumor-specific Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and IFN-y secreting T cells.106 This has resulted in therapeutic vaccines in mouse tumor models where no other approach has shown comparable efficacy, even with large (1 cm) established tumors.107 108 Even without a vaccine, CpG ODNs can induce CD8+ T cell-mediated regression of established tumors with durable memory responses.109... 

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