Cultural issues

The two categories of data described above relate to immediate causes of error. However, the question of how these factors came to be as they are, involves a consideration of the effects of organizational, and management and cultural issues. 

Replace expatriates with indigenous people in (Western) companies located in other, particularly Third World, coimtries mentoring can help to manage cultural issues. 

Following a great deal of painstaking consultation and revision work carried out between April 1992 and September 1993, the NIMH Culture and Diagnosis Group drew up a first draft of specific cultural proposals, the final version of which is included in the DSM-IV Source Book section on cultural issues (Mezzich et al, 1993). 

Relapse prevention within ethnic-minority communities can look somewhat different than it does in a typical treatment center. Relapse prevention methods with ethnic-minority clients often include involvement in traditional cultural activities as part of the therapy. One important theme may be the restoration of the client into her or his rightful place within the family and the community. Another potentially important cultural issue to address with many ethnic-minority clients will be difficulties overcoming shame. Fligh-risk situations may vary across cultures, and a therapist or counselor should know the community well enough to understand cultural nuances related to risky relapse situations. 

It is likely that gun control will be an issue in the 2004 presidential race between Democrat John Kerry and incumbent George W. Bush, but it is unlikely to be a major issue like the economy, Iraq, or the war on terrorism. This does not mean it will not be an important issue, however—in the expected close election, any issue able to motivate even a relatively small number of voters could be decisive. (Indeed, Kerry attacked Bush in September 2004 for allowing the assault weapons ban to lapse without making any real effort on its behalf.) Although not as much so as abortion or same-sex marriage, gun control is a cultural issue. The effects of such issues on political outcomes are always hard to predict. 

The training and visit method of extension that accompanied the green revolution is, as such, not a bad system of extension, partly because there is room to include social and cultural issues. But whenever this system uses only a technical approach, promoting green revolution farming without considering the ecological, social and cultural context of rural families, the developmental effect is very limited. Or even worse, it makes farmers dependent on the fertiliser... 

While there are a number of factors driving the implementation of PAT in pharmaceutical development and manufacture, it can also be said that there are a number of barriers. The magnitude of these barriers is profoundly affected by the organizational culture within each pharmaceutical manufacturer, and frequently across sites within a single company. Several of these cultural issues have been spelled out in the literature,14 5 and there are additional issues related to the absence of infrastructure (both physical and human). A number of the potential impediments are cited here to provide context for those unfamiliar with the area. 

Peter A. Koen, Stevens Institute of Technology I wanted to comment about a cultural issue within the engineering department. I am in the technology management department at Stevens and teach a course to executives from companies on how to be a corporate entrepreneur. It is a 14-week course for two to three hours a week. At the end of that time, half of the groups get funding internally in their company anywhere between 100,000 and 500,000. In fact, 2 years ago one group actually got a commitment of a billion dollars at the end of 14 weeks. 

African Americans receive differential, often substandard treatment in many mental health systems. Many of these concerns could be addressed with new advances in diagnosis and treatment. More must be done to educate providers about the need to address cultural issues and to provide optimal care to all patients. More needs to be done in treatment management to avoid two tiers of care as controlling costs continues to be a high priority. Finally, African Americans should have equal access to services and should benefit equally from advances that have occurred in mental health care. 

Gonzalez CA, Griffith EEH, Ruiz P Cross-cultural issues in psychiatric treatment, in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders, 2nd Edition. Edited by Gabbard GO. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1995, pp 55-74... 

Alarcon RD, Ruiz P Theory and practice of cultural psychiatry in the United States and abroad, in American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, Vol 14. Edited by Oldham JM, Riba MB. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1995, pp 599-626 Gonzalez CA, Griffith EEH, Ruiz P Cross-cultural issues in psychiatric treatment, in Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, 2nd Edition, Vol 1. Edited by Gabbard GO. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1995, pp 55-85... 

However in general it is perceived that the biggest obstacle to the adoption of SDR technology will be cultural issues rather than technology. In particular, chemists involved in process development, have both a lack of awareness of SDR and a fear of "mechanical" innovations. 

Canino Spurlock, 1994). Clinicians working with this population must be aware of and incorporate the cultural issues and perceptions of medication use that influence the course of counseling among ethnic and minority children (Dziegielewski, Leon, Green, 1998). Dziegielewski et al. (1998) illustrate an example of this when they assert that African American children may learn that it is not culturally acceptable to seek help for mental health problems from formal institutions and professionals outside the family or culture. 

Learning about the culture can be a little more difficult. Books from the State Department or even the library do not deal with cultural issues. They tend to be more touristy or cover govemmerrtal type issues. One source of cultural information is to contact a rrtission organization that has rrtission-aries in the country in which you are irrterested. They should be able to give you some very good information about the culture of the country. 

The use of Incident Analysis to understand cultural issues is discussed by Sutton (2008). 

Incorporates safety management well and culture issues to an extent. 

Has not adapted to modern marragement and culture issues (leadership, competence, learnittg, etc.). 

Udo Greinacher is an Associate Professor in the School of Architecture and Interior Design at the University of Cincinnati. Bom and raised in Tuebingen, Germany, he holds a professional degree in architecture from the Hochschule fur Technik Stutt rt and a Masters Degree in architecture from the University of California at Berkeley. He has lectured on urban and cultural issues in Europe and throughout the United States, and has... 

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