Adaptive cruise control

Vehicle dynamics (ABS, ASR, ABC, ESP (Electronic stability program), AAS (Active additional steering), adaptive cruise control road tire friction control),... 

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (advanced adaptive cruise control, traffic throughput optimization)... 

The third major area for automotive sensors is in comfort systems. Besides entertainment (radios, CD-players, cassette-players), climate-control systems, adaptive cruise control, electronic positioning of mirrors, seats, etc., as well as navigation systems, are gaining in popularity. Figure 1.1 shows the development of automotive electronics from an historical perspective. 

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) gasoline direct Injection DI-Motronic... 

Fig. 7.7.8 Basic function of an adaptive cruise control system...

Adaptive cruise control (ACC), a function for longitudinal control of vehicles, has been introduced first. ACC relieves the driver of a significant part of the task of driving, and in a comfortable manner. But the system still suffers from some drawbacks. 

Kim, C., Langari, R. (2010b). (in press). Application of brain limbic system to adaptive cruise control. International Journal of Vehicle Autonomous Systems. 

Stanton, N.A., Yormg, M. and McCaulder, B. (1997), Drive-by-wire the Case of Driver Workload and Reclaiming Control with Adaptive Cruise Control, Safety Science, Vol. 27, No. 2-3, 149-159. Sirmmala, H. (1997), Ergonomics of Road Transport, lATSSResearch, 21, No. 2,49-57. 

Adaptive cruise control and vehicular platooning. Vehicles maintain a safety distance from the vehicle ahead. We set to 3 sec the headway for the Vehicular Adaptive Cruise Control (lowest service level) and 1 second for platooning (Highest service level). 

To illustrate the application of the method, we applied three steps of the method to the prototype of a vehicle cruise speed controller. The cruise control (speed control) system is a system which automatically controls the speed of a motor vehicle based on a preset value of a steady speed given by the driver. The speed controller unit is a program for judging the control scheme of the cruise control. In [11], we have applied STPA to the adaptive cruise control system at the abstract system level. Here, we focus on the safety analysis of software in the system context. In accordance with the proposed method, the first step involves applying STPA to the cruise control system. We use the A-STPA [12] tool to document the STPA analysis results. In the following, we will describe in detail the software safety verification based on a safety analysis at the system level. 

Young, M.S. and Stanton, N.A. (2004). Taking the load off investigations of how adaptive cruise control affects mental workload. Ergonomics, 47(9), 1014-1035. 

Another example is the case of adaptive cruise control, a car technology that in normal circumstances controls the speed of the vehicle depending on prevailing traffic situations. Studies have shown that drivers are much slower to respond to situations that require intervention compared to drivers who remained in manual control. Not just that, but the response of those in manual control was more efficacious in terms of avoiding a crash (Stanton and Young, 1998). 

Rudin-Brown, C.M. and Parker, H.A. 2004. Behavioural adaptation to adaptive cruise control (ACC) Implications for preventive strategies. Transportation Research Part F, 7, 59-76. 

Rudin-Brovm, C. M., and Parker, H. A. 2004. Behavioural adaptation to adaptive cruise control (ACC) Implications for preventive strategies. Transportation Research Part F, 7, 59-76. Rumar, K., Berggmnd, U., Jemherg, R, and Ytterbom, U. 1976. Driver reaction to a technical safety measure Studded tires. Human Factors, 18(5), 443 54. 

Adaptive cruise control and emergency braking system... 

LONGITUDINAL DRIVER SUPPORT SYSTEMS 9.3.1 Adaptive Cruise Control... 

Hoedemaeker, M. and Brookhuis, K. K. 1998. Behavioural adaptation to driving with an adaptive cruise control (ACC). Transportation Research, Part F, 1, 95-106. 

Lin, T.-W., Hwang, S.-L., Su, J.-M., and Chen, W.-H. 2008. The effects of in-vehicle task and time-gap selection while reclaiming control from adaptive cruise control with bus simulator. and Prevention, 40, 1164—1170. 

Vollrath, M., Schleicher, S., and Gelau, C. 2011. The influence of cruise control and adaptive cruise control on driving behaviour—A driving simulator study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 1134-1139. 

Stanton, N. A. and Young, M. S. 2005. Driver behaviour with adaptive cruise control. Ergonomics, 48(10), 1294-1313. 

Lee, J.D., McGeehee, D.V., Brown, T.L., and Marshall, D. 2008. Rear-End Crash Avoidance System (RECAS) Algorithms and Alerting Strategies Effects of Adaptive Cruise Control and Alert Modality on Driver Performance. Washington, DC National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

The concepts of positive, neutral, and negative transfer have strong implications for methodological and measurement issues relative to behavioural adaptation. Most safety system designers anticipate that once a safety system is discontinued, driver behaviours will return to levels they were at before the system was introduced. For example, it is assumed that immediately after an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system s headway maintenance control is deactivated, drivers would once again actively... 

Dickie, D., and Boyle, L.N. 2009. Drivers understanding of adaptive cruise control limitations. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 53rd Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, vol. 53, 23, pp. 1806-1810. 

Abstract. We present patterns for expressing dependability requirements, such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, and reliability. The paper considers random faults as well as certain attacks and therefore supports a combined safety and security engineering. The patterns - attached to functional requirements - are part of a pattern system that can be used to identify missing requirements. The approach is illustrated on a cooperative adaptive cruise control system. 

Dependability requirements must be described and analyzed. Problem frames [12] are a means to describe and analyze functional requirements, but they can be extended to describe also dependability features, as shown in earlier papers [7,8], In Section 2, we present problem frames and the parts of the problem frames meta-model [10] used for the formalization of dependability features. In Section 3, we define a set of patterns that can be used to describe and analyze dependability requirements. Section 4 describes how to integrate the use of the dependability patterns into a system development process. The case study in Section 5 applies that process to a cooperative adaptive cruise control system. Section 6 discusses related work, and the paper closes with a summary and perspectives in Section 7. 

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