Electronic stability program

Vehicle dynamics (ABS, ASR, ABC, ESP (Electronic stability program), AAS (Active additional steering), adaptive cruise control road tire friction control),... 

Electronic Stability Program ESP Vehicle navigation systems with voice-output muting... 

Electronic stability program (ESP) or vehicle dynamics control (VDC)... 

Steering-Angle Sensor an Important Part of the Electronic Stability Program... 

Fig. 7.11.26 Effect with and without electronic stability program (source Continental)...

There seems to be a consensus in the literature concerning the power of this approach as being both very important [14] and impressive [9]. Analysis of existing real-world accident data is even sometimes regarded as [a]n ideal method to assess the safety impact of advanced safety technologies [10]. The most prominent example for retrospective evaluation is the Electronic Stability Program (ESP)... 

Sample inventory is a critical activity in the stability program. All samples must be accounted for at any time. Location and identification of samples is important information, and must be included on the stability label. When a study is completed or canceled, samples must be moved out of the chambers. The number of samples removed must be recorded, and reconciled annually with the inventory system, if electronic tracking is used. Discrepancies must be promptly investigated and documented. 

Computational chemists have developed several remarkably powerful and reliable computer codes, capable of describing the relative stability of various conformations of macromolecules, and details of the electronic structure of molecules of more modest size ( 1). The properties of molecules which can be obtained by use of these programs correlate with important features of chemical reactivity and the properties of materials. Molecular design, in pharmaceuticals, photochemistry, and general materials science can be made much more efficient by the routine use of these computational systems. However, their use is at present not widespread it is limited to a few large chemical companies. 

The basis of molecular modeling is that all important molecular properties, i. e., stabilities, reactivities and electronic properties, are related to the molecular structure (Fig. 1.1). Therefore, if it is possible to develop algorithms that are able to calculate a structure with a given stoichiometry and connectivity, it must be possible to compute the molecular properties based on the calculated structure, and vice versa. There are many different approaches and related computer programs, including ab-initio calculations, various semi-empirical molecular orbital (MO) methods, ligand field calculations, molecular mechanics, purely geometrical approaches, and neural networks, that can calculate structures and one or more additional molecular properties. 

In this paper the origins of the difference in stability of catalysts on different support materials are discussed. Catalysts supported on y-alumina and on titania (anatase) have been tested in the oxidation of 1-butene to butanone. Fresh and spent catalysts have been investigated by means of temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal the causes for deactivation. 

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