Framing the Problem

To set the context for the findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented in Chapters 2 through 5, the committee first evaluates the present and projected threat of chemical and biological weapons to naval force operations in littoral and open-ocean regions. 

The term asymmetric strategy has come into vogue to describe the kinds of approaches that regional powers and nonstate actors must pursue in confronting a country such as the United States that is militarily superior by any index of conven- 

2WuDunn, Sheryl, Judith Miller, and William J. Broad. 1998. Sowing Death, A Special Report How Japan Germ Terror Alerted World, New York Times, May 26, p. A-l. 

3Yusufzai, Rahimulla. 1999. Conversation with Terror, Interview with Osama bin Laden, Time, Vol. 153, No. 1, p. 38. 

4For more on weapons of choice in asymmetric warfare, see Roberts, Bradley. 1998. Biological Weapons in Major Theater War, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Va., November, and Roberts, Bradley. 2000. Asymmetric Conflict 2010, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Va., November. 

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Continuing with the mini-theme of computational materials chemistry is Chapter 3 by Professor Thomas M. Truskett and coworkers. As in the previous chapters, the authors quickly frame the problem in terms of mapping atomic (chemical) to macroscopic (physical) properties. The authors then focus our attention on condensed media phenomena, specifically those in glasses and liquids. In this chapter, three properties receive attention—structural order, free volume, and entropy. Order, whether it is in a man-made material or found in nature, may be considered by many as something that is easy to spot, but difficult to quantify yet quantifying order is indeed what Professor Truskett and his coauthors describe. Different types of order are presented, as are various metrics used for their quantification, all the while maintaining theoretical rigor but not at the expense of readability. The authors follow this section of their... 

The frame for the instrument always has vibrations transmitted from the ground and the air. The displacement of the frame is described by a function of time, X t). The STM is represented by a mass M, mounted on the frame. The problem of vibration isolation is to devise a proper mounting to minimize the vibration transferred to the mass, that is, to minimize its displacement of the mass M, x(t). The basic method for vibration isolation is to mount the mass to the frame through a soft spring, as shown in Fig. 10.1. The restoring force of the spring acting on the mass is... 

In the manufacturing facility in Fig. 2 all of the materials added to or removed from the process are valuable to the business. Therefore, to help frame the problem for a real manufacturing facility, a process analysis should be completed. 

Collective action frames tend to be loose and relatively informal sets of ideas, rather than formal ideological systems, because they need to be flexible in order to adapt to changing situations (Tarrow 1992 190). Chemical Risk provided a broad range of concerns from which scientist-activists could draw selectively and elaborate in papers and public presentations before policy makers, their research peers, university administrators, and high school biology classes. Accordingly, one could frame the problem of environmental chemical mutagens with equal flair as an economic burden, a moral dilemma, or a natural disaster. 

How should the order be produced what mix of make vs. buy should be used to minimize costs This decision can be made by framing the problem as a linear program and using available solution packages, e.g., the Solver package in Excel. To frame the problem, we define a set of decisions X, i = 1, 2, 3 as the amount of products 1, 2, and 3 that are made in house and Xj2, i = 1, 2, 3 as the amount of products 1, 2, and 3 that are subcontracted. Let Q, i = 1, 2, 3 andy =1,2 refer to the costs associated with each of the decisions (Table 4.6) and dj refer to the quantity of product i demanded. 

D. Framing the problem. This stage of the learning task is adequate. 

Mitchell, P.H. and Lang, N.M. Framing the problem of measuring and improving healthcare quality has the quahty health outcomes model been useful Medical Care 42 114—1111, 2004. 

The approach can be used to frame the problem area and identify the specific focus of study. To study this focus process in more detail, additional methods and tools are often needed, for example planning tools. By applying the approach... 

EXAMPLE 1.7 Elementary and composite events. What is the probability of a 1 on the first roll of a die or a 4 on the second roll If this were an and question, the probability would be (1/6)(1/6) = 1 /36, since the two rolls are independent, hut the question is of the or ty pe, so it cannot he answ ered by direct appheation of either the addition or multiplication rules. But by redefining the problem in terms of composite events, you can use those rules. An individual coin toss, a single die roll, etc. could be called an elementary event. A composite event is just some set of elementary events, collected together in a convenient way. In this example it s convenient to define each composite event to be a pair of first and second rolls of the die. The advantage is that the complete list of composite events is mutually exclusive. That allows us to frame the problem in terms of an or question and use the multipUcation and addition rules. The composite events are ... 

Mitchell, P.H. and N.M. Lang. 2004. Framing the Problem of Measuring and Improving Healthcare Quality Has the Quality Health Outcomes Model Been Useful Med Care 42 114-11. 

In framing the problems, the authors have made use of publications by various research workers in the field of metallurgical thermodynamics and kinetics. 

Analytical methods present the advantage of framing the problem of seismic vulnerability of masonry structures in structural engineering terms, defining a direct relationship among construction characteristics, structural response to seismic action, and damage effects. 

Now let s look at how we can use the construct of dependent and independent properties to help us solve thermodynamics problems. Say we are solving a first-law problem where we need to determine the change in internal energy of a gas between two states. In this case, we might formulate the problem in the form of Equation (5.5), where u is the dependent property that is constrained by our choice of independent properties T and V, that is, u = u(T,v). In other words, we frame the problem that the gas in the system undergoes a process from state 1 (Ti and Ui) to state 2 (Ta and Vz). 

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