Isobutylene-butadiene-acrylonitrile

Natural mbber comes generally from southeast Asia. Synthetic mbbers are produced from monomers obtained from the cracking and refining of petroleum (qv). The most common monomers are styrene, butadiene, isobutylene, isoprene, ethylene, propylene, and acrylonitrile. There are numerous others for specialty elastomers which include acryUcs, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, epichlorohydrin, ethylene—acryUc, ethylene octene mbber, ethylene—propylene mbber, fluoroelastomers, polynorbomene, polysulftdes, siUcone, thermoplastic elastomers, urethanes, and ethylene—vinyl acetate. 

A high polymer resulting from the polymerisation of a mixture of two different monomers styrene-butadiene mbber, butyl (isoprene-isobutylene) mbber and nitrile (acrylonitrile-butadiene) mbber are typical copolymers. 

Uses Copolymerized with methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, or 1,1-dichloroethylene to produce acrylic and modacrylic fibers and high-strength fibers ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers nitrile rubber cyano-ethylation of cotton synthetic soil block (acrylonitrile polymerized in wood pulp) manufacture of adhesives organic synthesis grain fumigant pesticide monomer for a semi-conductive polymer that can be used similar to inorganic oxide catalysts in dehydrogenation of tert-butyl alcohol to isobutylene and water pharmaceuticals antioxidants dyes and surfactants. 

Elastomers include natural rubber (polyisoprene), synthetic polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene rubbers, butyl rubber (isobutylene-isoprene), polybutadiene, ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM), neoprene (polychloroprene), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, polysulfide rubbers, polyurethane rubbers, crosslinked polyethylene rubber and polynorbomene rubbers. Typically in elastomer mixing the elastomer is mixed with other additives such as carbon black, fillers, oils/plasticizers and accelerators/antioxidants. 

The major four-carbon feedstock molecules are 1,3-butadiene and isobutylene, both involved in the synthesis of many monomers and intermediates. Butadiene is copolymerized with styrene to form SBR and with acrylonitrile to form ABS rubbers. 

Over 5.5 billion pounds of synthetic rubber is produced annually in the United States. The principle elastomer is the copolymer of butadiene (75%) and styrene (25) (SBR) produced at an annual rate of over 1 million tons by the emulsion polymerization of butadiene and styrene. The copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile (Buna-H, NBR) is also produced by the emulsion process at an annual rate of about 200 million pounds. Likewise, neoprene is produced by the emulsion polymerization of chloroprene at an annual rate of over 125,000 t. Butyl rubber is produced by the low-temperature cationic copolymerization of isobutylene (90%) and isoprene (10%) at an annual rate of about 150,000 t. Polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and EPDM are produced by the anionic polymerization of about 600,000, 100,000, and 350,000 t, respectively. Many other elastomers are also produced. 

Several polymers based on 1,3-dienes are used as elastomers. These include styrene-1,3-butadiene (SBR), styrene-1,3-butadiene terpolymer with an unsaturated carboxylic acid (carboxylated SBR), acrylonitrile-1,3-butadiene (NBR or nitrile rubber) (Secs. 6-8a, 6-8e), isobutylene-isoprene (butyl rubber) (Sec. 5-2i-l), and block copolymers of isoprene or... 

The epoxidations of propylene and isobutylene with peroxyformic acid proceed in a concerted way via slightly unsymmetrical Markovnikov-type transition stmctnres where the differences in the bond distances between the donble-bond carbons and the spiro oxygen are only 0.021 and 0.044 A at the QCISD/6-31G level. In contrast, the more polarizable natnre of the carbon-carbon double bond of o ,/ -unsaturated systems results in a highly nnsymmetrical transition structure for the epoxidation of 1,3-butadiene with an order-of-magnitnde difference in the carbon-oxygen bond distances of 0.305 A at the QCISD/6-31G level. A highly unsymmetrical transition structure has been also found for the epoxidation of acrylonitrile. 

Other commercial copolymers which are typically random are those of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate (Vinylite), isobutylene and isoprene (butyl rubber), styrene and butadiene (SBR), and acrylonitrile and butadiene (NBR). The accepted nomenclature is illustrated by EP, which is designated poly-ethylene-co-propylene the co designating that the polymer is a copolymer. When the copolymers are arranged in a regular sequence in the chains, i.e., ABAB, the copolymer is called an alternating copolymer. A copolymer consisting of styrene and maleic anhydride (SMA) is a typical alternating copolymer. 

Internal plasticizing demands a chemical relationship between the components which constitute the product. Therefore, good effects can be expected from copolymers of styrene and isobutylene, ethylene, or diolefins like butadiene or isoprene. Internal plasticizing of PVC can be effected by copolymerizing vinyl chloride with acrylates of higher alcohols or maleates and fumarates. The important ABS products are internal copolymers of butadiene, styrene, and acrylonitrile. The hardness of the unipolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile can be modified by butadiene which, as a unipolymer, gives soft, rubberlike products. As the copolymerization parameters of most monomers are known, it is relatively easy to choose the most suitable partner for the copolymerization. When the product of the r—values is l, there is an ideal copolymerization, because the relative reactivity of both monomers toward the radicals is the same. Styrene/butadiene, styrene/vinyl thiophene, and... 

Copolymers of itaconic esters with butadiene have not yet been used technically. On the other hand, acrylonitrile containing copolymers with other components have been studied from several points of view. Standard Oil Co. has claimed a terpolymer of isobutylene, butadiene, and acrylonitrile, and BASF a similar product of butadiene, acrylonitrile, and styrene. The films from these combinations are said to have high flexibility and cold resistance. However, all butadiene containing copolymers are not light fast. Copolymers of butadiene, acrylonitrile, and unsaturated dicarboxylic esters are suggested for plasticizing PVC, but they must be thermally degraded before they are combined with the polymer. 

MC MDI MEKP MF MMA MPEG MPF NBR NDI NR OPET OPP OSA PA PAEK PAI PAN PB PBAN PBI PBN PBS PBT PC PCD PCT PCTFE PE PEC PEG PEI PEK PEN PES PET PF PFA PI PIBI PMDI PMMA PMP PO PP PPA PPC PPO PPS PPSU Methyl cellulose Methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Melamine formaldehyde Methyl methacrylate Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde Nitrile butyl rubber Naphthalene diisocyanate Natural rubber Oriented polyethylene terephthalate Oriented polypropylene Olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile Polyamide Poly(aryl ether-ketone) Poly(amide-imide) Polyacrylonitrile Polybutylene Poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) Polybenzimidazole Polybutylene naphthalate Poly(butadiene-styrene) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Polycarbonate Polycarbodiimide Poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ether-imide) Poly(ether-ketone) Polyethylene naphthalate Polyether sulfone Polyethylene terephthalate Phenol-formaldehyde copolymer Perfluoroalkoxy resin Polyimide Poly(isobutylene), Butyl rubber Polymeric methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methylpentene) Polyolefins Polypropylene Polyphthalamide Chlorinated polypropylene Poly(phenylene oxide) Poly(phenylene sulfide) Poly(phenylene sulfone)... 

Property Butyl/halobutyl (isobutylene- isoprene copolymer) N atur al/Isoprene (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) Nitrile (butadiene- Sdicone Neoprene acrylonitrile (polydi-(polycbloroprene) copolymer) metbysiloxane) Fluoro- elastomers (fluoro- rubber) Uretbane (polyesterisocyanate) EPDM (etbylene Butadiene propylenediene (cis-polybuta-monomer) diene) ... 

Vulcanization is an industrial process applied to various polymers from the class of unsaturated polyhydrocarbons. The major practical use of vulcanized elastomers is the tire industry. Tires are made from various polymer blends, including natural rubber, typically between 20 and 50%. The other polymers used in various blends that can be vulcanized include copolymers such as poly(styrene-co-1,3-butadiene) or SBR, poly(acrylonitrile-co-1,3-butadiene-co-styrene) or ABS, poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene), poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-1,4-hexadiene, etc. 

Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing synthetic rubber by polymerization or copolymerization. An elastomer for the purpose of this classification is a rubber-like material capable of vulcanization, such as copolymers of butadiene and styrene, or butadiene and acrylonitrile, polybutadienes, chloroprene rubbers, and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers. Butadiene copolymers containing less than 50 percent butadiene are classified in Industry 2821. Natural chlorinated rubbers and cyclized rubbers are considered as semifinished products and are classified in Industry 3069. 

Fig. 15-4. Q-e map for a number of important monomers the full horizontal line indi-catea the present choice for the scale of the polarities e the band between the two broken lines represents the location of a more rational e scale (a) chlorotrifiuoroethylene, (b) acrylonitrile, (c) allyl chloride, (d) ct-chloroacrylate, (e) methacrylonitrile, (/) methyl acrylate, (f) vinylidene chloride, (A) methyl methacrylate, (t) vinyl chloride, (j) chloro-prene, -(fc) vinyl acetate, (i) butadiene, (m) styrene, ( ). isobutylene, (o) p-methoxysty-rene. XAlfrey, Bohrer and Mark, Copolyrmruaiion," p. 82, Intencienee Publishers, Ine., New York, 1952.)...

The objects of our investigations were four kinds of elastomers, of different structure and polarity, viz. cis-1,4-polybutadiene (BR)> butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer (NBR), isobutylene-isoprene copolymers (IIR) and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPT). They were mixed with plastomers low density polyethylene (PE] ), polystyrene (PS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycaproamide (PCA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (Table 1). The concentration of the plastomers in the mixtures was changed in the range from 0 to 50 pph of the elastomer. The polymers were blended at temperature T = 423 K by means of the micromill of the Plasti--Corder apparatus. After 24 hours, crosslinking substances, dicurayl peroxide (DCP) or sulphur and diphenylguanidine (S, DPG), were added at room temperature. The composition of the mixtures is given in Table 2. 

AaylonMe/butadiene/styrene copolymer latex, paper coatings Isobutylene/lsoprene copolymer latex, release coatings Aayllc/acrylonitrile copolymer latex, saturation... 

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