Acrylic acid supply

Materials. Monomers used in the preparation of the copolymers were as follows acrylamide as a 50% solution in water, stablized with cupric ion, supplied by American Cyanamid Company acrylic acid supplied by BASF and AMPS, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, (recrystallized grade) obtained from Lubrizol. The sodium salts of acrylic acid and AMPS were prepared by gradual neutralization of the monomers with sodium hydroxide solution, maintaining a temperature of 0 to 5°C, to give a final concentration of 50%. 

Acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) (purchased from Merck) are freed from inhibitor on a neutral aluminium oxid column and distilled. Acrylamide (AM) from Kebo, Stockholm, is recrystallized once from chloroform solution before use. Other monomers of analytical grade were purchased from Merck and used as received crotonic acid (CA), tiglic acid (TA), 3-methyl crotonic acid (3-MCA), and a-methyl cinnamic acid (oi-MCia) (Table 1). Benzophenone (analytical grade, Kebo) and acetone (spectroscope grade, Merck) were used as supplied. 

The desizing of water-soluble size polymers can be summarised as follows. Batchwise or continuous methods can be used in both cases an adequate supply of hot water is needed during the washing-off. Hot water and detergent are needed to remove polyfvinyl alcohol) or carboxymethylcellulose. The addition of alkali may be beneficial with carboxymethylcellulose. Alkali is essential with modified starches and acrylic acid copolymers. Polyfvinyl alcohol) can be degraded effectively by alkaline oxidation. 

The vinyl monomers used in this study, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile, as well as the solvents, initiators, and polystyrene were supplied by the Aldrich Chemical Company. The styrene-butadiene block copolymer was supplied by Shell as Kraton D1102, known as SBS this contains approximately 75% butadiene and 25% styrene. 

Together with China Petroleum Chemical Corp. (Sinopec) in a 50-50 partnership, BASF planned to build its first Verbund project in East Asia - an integrated petrochemical site (IPS) on 220 hectares of land. The core of the project was an ethylene cracker with a capacity of 600,000 tons per year. Nine new plants downstream would be supplied by the cracker, producing 1.7 million metric tons of chemical products for local consumption, including ethylene, aromatics, poly-ethylenes, ethylene oxide and ethylene glycols, acrylic acid, acrylates, oxo alcohols, formic acid, propionic acid, methylamine, and dimethylformamide. 

Polypropylene (PP) foils with a thickness of 100 pm (goodfellow, U.K.) or 300 im (Ciba Geigy Switzerland) as well as polyethylene (PE, Lupolen, BASF) foil (100 pm) were ultrasonically cleaned in a diethyl ether bath for 15 min. The monomers used, i.e. acrylic acid, allyl alcohol and allylamine (all > 99%), were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and distilled before use. The monomers, ethylene and butadiene-1,3, supplied by Messer-Griesheim GmbH, Germany, were used as received. 

Propylene is one of the main building blocks for petrochemicals and for clean fuel alkylate blends. It is used in the production of a wide variety of petrochemical products such as polypropylene, acrylonitrile, cumene, oxo-alcohols, propylene oxide, acrylic acid, isopropyl alcohol, and polygas chemicals. Polypropylene accounts for about half of the world propylene consumption, which consequently drives the demand. Other uses of propylene within a refinery include alkylation, catalytic polymerization, and dimerization for the production of high-octane gasoline blends. In general, propylene is supplied in three separate quality grades refinery ( 70%), chemical ( 92 to 96%), and polymer (99.6%). 

Ruthenium(binap) complexes effectively catalyze asymmetric hydrogenation of a-amidocinnamic acids [172], allylic alcohols [173] and acrylic acids with almost quantitative enantiomeric excess [174]. For example, one of the largest-selling anti-inflammatory agents, Naproxen should be supplied as the enantiomerically pure 5-isomer, because the R-isomer is expected to be toxic to the liver. Asymmetric hydrogenation of the precursor by RuCL[(5)- binap] produces 5-Naproxen with 96-98 % ee (eq (47)) [175-176]. 

Chemicals Acrylonitrile (AN), methylmethacrylate (MMA), and styrene were supplied by Aldrich and purified before use. Acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) were purchased from Eastman. The acrylic acid contained 200 ppm p-methoxyphenol as inhibitor. However, at the solute concentrations of 5.0 x 10 M and 7.4 x 10 M the inhibitor s concentration would be 10" M and, therefore, could not contribute significantly to the observed muonium decay. The water solvent was triply distilled, initially from permanganate solution. 

As described later in Chapter 9, it is necessary to sulfonate an asymmetric catalyst to produce a water-soluble version. In supporting this on a solid as described, the water is first evacuated. However, an exact amount is reintroduced by contact with water vapor because the presence of water is necessary and the extent of enantioselectivity depends on the amount of water. A useful application of SAP catalysis is the use of SAP-Ru-BINAP-4SOjNa supported on controlled pore glass GPG-240 (supplied by CPG Inc.) in the enantioselective hydrogenation of 2-(6 -methoxy-2 -naphthyl)acrylic acid to naproxen (Wan and Davis,... 

The acrylamide-based polymers used in the study were obtained commercially in powder form. The homopolymers designated as PS-2806, SPP-34 and ALD-18127-7 were supplied by Polysciences, Scientific Polymer Products and Aldrich respectively. Supplied also by Polysciences were our two poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) samples of high and low carboxyl content, PS-2220 and PS-4652. Table I illustrates the molecular weight distribution of these samples as determined by aqueous GPC/Laser light scattering. The acrylic acid contents of PS-2220 and PS-4652 copolymers measured by 90 MHz C NMR were approximately 63% and 15% respectively. Both the GPC and the NMR analyses indicated PS-2220 contained appreciable amounts of impurities. 

PET membranes (Poretics, polyester, pore size 0.2 pm, membrane thickness 10 pm) were purchased from Osmonics, Inc. Diethylether (99%), 2,2 -azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), copper (1) bromide (CuBr) (98%), acetone (min. 99.5%), methanol (99%), ethanol (99%), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (99%) and polyethylenimine (hygroscopic) were purchased fiom VWR International and used as received. 4,4-Dinonyl-2,2-dipyridine (DNBP) (97%) and ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetrahydrofiiran (THF) was supplied by the Eh Co. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) (25% aqueous solution) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene (PFS) were obtained from Polyscience Inc. and Oakwood Products Inc., respectively. Glycidyl methacrylate (min 95%) was purchased from TCI, America. 

A number of acrylic resins are used for bonding cloth, plastics, leather, and, in some cases, metal foils. The acryhc monomers most commonly used in adhesives are ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, methacryhc acid, acrylic acid, acrylamide, and acrylonitrile. The polymers or copolymers are soluble in common organic solvents and can be supplied in much the same manner as other solvent-based systems. In addition, the polymers are soluble in the monomers. When a catalyst is added, monomers polymerize, thus providing good bonding to glass and to plastic surfaces of similar composition (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate). ... 

Flocculants also differ in their ionic form [92]. Polyacrylamide itself is a nonionic agent. Its monomer is usually copolymerized with another material to supply some ionic character to offset the ionic charge of the particles to be flocculated. In brine treatment, anionic materials, based on acrylic acid as comonomer, usually give better results. 

Polybond 1001 (PP-AA), a polypropylene functionalised with 6% w/w acrylic acid, was supplied by BP Chemicals Limited. The functionalised compatibilising agents, FC1, FC2 and FC3, were synthesised from PP-AA. An example is given in Figure 1. Further details are published elsewhere (20). 

You are a sales engineer working for a polymer supply company selling poly acrylic acid (PAA). PAA is a water soluble anionic (negatively charged polymer) that comes in different molecular weights 10000, 100000, 1 million and 10 million. You have two... 

Materials-. PVC pellets, extrusion medical-grade RB1/T3M of 1.25 g cm density, were obtained from ModerrPlast (Italy) and used as received. Pectin from apple, (BioChemika, with esterification of 70-75%), acrylic acid (AA) (99.0%, anhydrons), and V-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-V -ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC, 98.0%) were supplied by Fluka (USA). Chitosan from crab shells with meditun molecttlar weight and deacetylation degree of 75-85%. 

Reversible formation of Ag nanoparticles onto transparent polymer films using an electrochemical technique has been reported (Black et al. 2007). It is known that Ag nanoparticles possess special optical properties (El-Noura et al. 2010). During the nanoparticle formation process, some colored Ag clusters appear, which can be photogenerated and stabilized inside a polymer matrix. An optically transparent film is mandatory for controlling the process of particle formation inside polymer film by means of spectroelectrochemistry. Based on this aspect, Ag nanoparticles were prepared by photoreduction of Ag+ ions in transparent cross-linked films made up of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) (Chalal et al. 2012). For achieving nanoparticles with greater reversibility, a redox mediator (TMB +) was used. The principal role of these species is that they supply electrons that help oxidize silver clusters (Black et al. 2007). 

For its relevance, propene is one of the most important olefins. Propene is obtained mainly from naphtha steam cracking as a coproduct with ethene, and also as a coproduct from fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units at refineries. Relatively small amounts are produced by propane dehydrogenation and by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Because of the strong global demand for polypropene, acrylonitrile, 0x0 alcohol, and acrylic acid products, present propene supply from conventional sources cannot fulfill the market needs. An alternative route to propene is by applying the metathesis reaction for the conversion of a mixture of ethene and 2-butene into propene (Equation [16.2]). 

Acrylic thickeners, also known as alkali-swellable emulsions, are used to a limited extent in cheap interior wall paints. They are acids containing acrylic copolymers supplied in liquid form as an emulsion. The main limitation of these thickeners is that the thickening action is a function of the pH of the paint system and therefore the viscosity varies with pH of the system. 

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