Acrylic acid based monomers

Subsequently D Alello developed the polystyrene-hased resin in 1944 (4). Two years later, polystyrene anion-exchange resins made hy chloromethylation and amination of the matrix were produced. Four principal classes of ion-exchange resins were commercially availahle by the 1950s. These are the strong-acid, strong-hase, and weak-hase resins derived from styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, and the weak-acid resins derived from cross-linked acrylics. To this day, the most widely used ion exchangers are synthetic organic polymer resins based on styrene- or acrylic-acid-type monomers as described by D Alelio in U.S. Patent 2,3666,007. 

Commercial electropainting only dates from the early 1960s and the first processes to be introduced used anodic deposition. Some typical paint formulations would contain (i) polycarboxylic acids based on acrylic acid as monomer solubilized by an organic amine, (ii) alkyds, i.e. branched polyesters based on naturally occurring long-chain carboxylic acids and polyalcohols, e.g. glycerol, and (iii) epoxy resins based on phenols, e.g. 

In a more comprehensive ongoing investigation [117], fatty acid-based monomers with acrylate functionality were prepared under mild and green conditions by direct esterification of unsaturated fatty acids, namely 10-undecenoic (Cll l), oleic (C18 l) and linoleic (Cl 8 2) acids, with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) inthe presence of N,N -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. Scheme 4 4 shows the structure of these novel monomers, whose additional originality is that they were synthesised directly from the corresponding fatty acid. 

The objective of the present work was to demonstrate efficient routes to sugar-based vinyl monomers based on enzyme selectivity, determine whether 6-O -acryl glucoside was polymerizable and to synthesize water-soluble acrylic acid-based copolymers that also contain vinyl-sugar repeat units. 

Early efforts to explore our concepts centered on preparing and evaluating a family of copolymers based on acrylic acid-, itaconic acid-, and amino acid-functionalized monomers having acrylamide or methacrylamide type double bonds. The amino acid-based monomer used to modify the polyelectrolytes, which was most explored, was based on the glutamic acid derivative shown in Figure 7. 

Coating materials may be based on short or medium-oil alkyds (e.g. primers for door and window frames) nitrocellulose or thermoplastic acrylics (e.g. lacquers for paper or furniture finishes) amino resin-alkyd coatings, with or without nitrocellulose inclusions, but with a strong acid catalyst to promote low temperature cure (furniture finishes) two-pack polyurethanes (furniture, flat boards) unsaturated polyester resins in styrene with free-radical cure initiated by peroxides (furniture) or unsaturated acrylic oligomers and monomers cured by u.v. radiation or electron beams (coatings for record sleeves paperback covers, knock-down furniture or flush interior doors). 

A variety of ionomers have been described in the research literature, including copolymers of a) styrene with acrylic acid, b) ethyl acrylate with methacrylic acid, and (c) ethylene with methacrylic acid. A relatively recent development has been that of fluorinated sulfonate ionomers known as Nafions, a trade name of the Du Pont company. These ionomers have the general structure illustrated (10.1) and are used commercially as membranes. These ionomers are made by copolymerisation of the hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon monomers with minor amounts of the appropriate acid or ester. Copolymerisation is followed by either neutralisation or hydrolysis with a base, a process that may be carried out either in solution or in the melt. 

NR, styrene-butadiene mbber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber, nitrile mbber, acrylic copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, and A-B-A type block copolymer with conjugated dienes have been used to prepare pressure-sensitive adhesives by EB radiation [116-126]. It is not necessary to heat up the sample to join the elastomeric joints. This has only been possible due to cross-linking procedure by EB irradiation [127]. Polyfunctional acrylates, tackifier resin, and other additives have also been used to improve adhesive properties. Sasaki et al. [128] have studied the EB radiation-curable pressure-sensitive adhesives from dimer acid-based polyester urethane diacrylate with various methacrylate monomers. Acrylamide has been polymerized in the intercalation space of montmorillonite using an EB. The polymerization condition has been studied using a statistical method. The product shows a good water adsorption and retention capacity [129]. 

Brandt [200] has extracted tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) from a styrene-butadiene polymer using iso-octane. Brown [211] has reported US extraction of acrylic acid monomer from polyacrylates. Ultrasonication was also shown to be a fast and efficient extraction method for organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers [212]. Greenpeace [213] has recently reported the concentration of phthalate esters in 72 toys (mostly made in China) using shaking and sonication extraction methods. Extraction and analytical procedures were carefully quality controlled. QC procedures and acceptance criteria were based on USEPA method 606 for the analysis of phthalates in water samples [214]. Extraction efficiency was tested by spiking blank matrix and by standard addition to phthalate-containing samples. For removal of fatty acids from the surface of EVA pellets a lmin ultrasonic bath treatment in isopropanol is sufficient [215]. It has been noticed that the experimental ultrasonic extraction conditions are often ill defined and do not allow independent verification. 

Emulsion paints are based on aqueous synthetic resin dispersions, which afford a lacquer-like paint film. The resin dispersions which are commonly used by the paint industry contain water as the carrier phase. A large number of such dispersions are available, based on different resins such as poly(vinyl acetate), which may be employed as a copolymer with vinyl chloride, maleic dibutyl ester, ethylene, acrylic acid esters, polyacrylic resin, and copolymers of the latter with various monomers, as well as styrene-butadiene or poly(vinyl propionate). These disper-... 

Abstract. Auto-accelerated polymerization is known to occur in viscous reaction media ("gel-effect") and also when the polymer precipitates as it forms. It is generally assumed that the cause of auto-acceleration is the arising of non-steady-state kinetics created by a diffusion controlled termination step. Recent work has shown that the polymerization of acrylic acid in bulk and in solution proceeds under steady or auto-accelered conditions irrespective of the precipitation of the polymer. On the other hand, a close correlation is established between auto-acceleration and the type of H-bonded molecular association involving acrylic acid in the system. On the basis of numerous data it is concluded that auto-acceleration is determined by the formation of an oriented monomer-polymer association complex which favors an ultra-fast propagation process. Similar conclusions are derived for the polymerization of methacrylic acid and acrylonitrile based on studies of polymerization kinetics in bulk and in solution and on evidence of molecular associations. In the case of acrylonitrile a dipole-dipole complex involving the nitrile groups is assumed to be responsible for the observed auto-acceleration. 

Apart from the chemical effects of solvent as hydrogen donor, being heterogeneous systems, an important role of solvent is to provide appropriate reaction sites on the balance of solvent interactions with base polymer and growing graft chain. For the study of solvent effects, AM is not an adequate monomer since it is scarcely soluble in non-polar solvents. Instead, acrylic acid(AA) was employed and photografting was conducted as shown in Figure 8. 

Carboxylated polymers can be prepared by mechanical treatment of frozen polymer solutions in acrylic acid (Heinicke 1984). The reaction mechanism is based on the initiation of polymerization of the frozen monomer by free macroradicals formed during mechanolysis of the starting polymer. Depending on the type of polymer, mixed, grafted, and block polymers with a linear or spatial structure are obtained. What is important is that the solid-phase reaction runs with a relatively high rate. For instance, in the polyamide reactive system with acrylic acid, the tribochemical reaction leading to the copolymer is completed after a treatment time of 60 s. As a rule, the mechanical activation of polymers is mainly carried out in a dry state, because the structural imperfections appear most likely here. 

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