Acids universal acid

Institute oj Ecosystem Studies, Cornell University Acid Rain... 

King, Michael. Biochemistry of amino acids, University of Brescia Web site. Available online. URL http //www.med.unibs.it/ -marchesi/aacids.html. Accessed on March 18, 2008. 

University of Massachusetts, Sulfuric Acid and Fuming Sulfuric Acid, University of Massachusetts, Toxics Use Reduction Institute, Lowell, MA, June 2008. Available at www.turi.org. 

M Asgharnejad. Investigation into intestinal transport and absorption of an amino acid, amino acid analougue and its peptideomimetic prodrug. PhD dissertation, Chapter IV. pp 109-127, The University of Michigan, 1992. 

Chemical of the Week Phosphoric Acid. University of Wisconsin, http //scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/h3po4/H3P04.html... 

Besides Szent-Gyorgi and Krebs, other groups were attacking the problem of carbohydrate oxidation. Weil-Malherbe suggested It is probable that the further oxidation of succinic acids passes through the stages of fumaric, malic, and oxaloacetic acid pyruvic acid is formed by the decarboxylation of the latter and the oxidative cycle starts again. K.A.C. Elliott, from the Cancer Research Laboratories at the University of Pennsylvania, also proposed a cycle via some 6C acid. 

There is evidence that the level of an omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid) is low in the tissues of subjects who exhibit violent behaviour. Supplementation with this fatty acid has been shown to reduce aggression in a normal population of university students. 

Bloomfield, V., Crothers, D., and Tinoco, I. 2000. Nucleic Acids. University Science Books, Sausalito, CA. Cheng, H.N. and Gross, R.A. 2005. Polymer Biocatalysis and Biomaterials. Oxford University Press, New York. 

Many nonvolatile and thermally labile allelochemicals can be well separated by liquid chromatography (LC). Identification of the separated components on-line by mass spectrometry (MS) is of great value. Fused-silica LC columns of 0.22 mm ID packed with small-particle material are used in the described LC/MS system. The shape of the column end allows direct connection to a electron impact ion source of a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Separations by LC are reported and LC/MS mass spectra are shown for monoterpenes, diterpene acids, phenolic acids and cardiac glycosides. The LC/MS system provides identification capability and high-efficiency chromatography with a universal detector. 

It has been called the Vague Acid and the Universal Acid. We have been accustomed to meet with it under two distinct Forms and to know it under the Names of two Species These are the Vitriolic and the Muriatic Acid and to these we are lately taught to add a third, which, from the Place where it has been discovered, Authors have called the Swedish Acid and to which some, tho very improperly, have given the Name of the Sparry Acid. Perhaps, in distinction from the other two, it may be better named the Stony Acid (84, 85, 118). 

Lemery utilizes the five principles very little in the body of the text. The mercurial spirit, which was presented so prominently in the first section, never comes up for discussion in the text, nor does water as a principle. Salt is used as a generic material term, referring to all those bodies soluble in water and conveying a saline taste. Chief among these are the acid salts, derived from the First Principle as a universal acid liquor that percolates through the earth and, by long fermentation and concoction,... 

Air has all but disappeared from chemical consideration. When mentioned at all, the atmosphere is seen as an intermediary between some kind of reservoir for the universal acid, the cosmic influence from the heavens that trickles through the earth to form salts and ore bodies. 

Alkalies were identified by the effervescence they produced with acids. Some chemists thought there might be a single alkaline salt present in all bodies that effervesced with acids, that salt being a counterpart to the universal acid responsible for all the particular acids. Lemery rejected that view and claimed that anything that effervesced with an acid was itself an alkali... 

In the first edition of his textbook, Nicholas Lemery used the Paracel-sian idea that salts were formed in the various matrices of the earth where the universal acid found them when trickling down from above. This idea was made more specific in later editions ... 

In this view common sulfur, alum, and the vitriols are products of that universal acid trickling down through the earth to form various bodies in the many matrices or wombs to be found there. In a sense, common sulfur has the same compositional structure as the neutral salts, viz., an acid joined to an oily body that gives it solid form. This pattern survives in Rouelles classic definition of neutral salt in 1744, when he said I call a neutral salt every salt formed by the union of whatever acid, whether vegetable or mineral, with a fixed or a volatile alkali, an absorbant earth, a metallic substance, or an oil. ... 

But how does all this relate to eighteenth-century chemistry of principles, the idea of the universal acid, the inflammable principle, and so on ... 

Benzoic acid universal component of angiosperms, esp. of berries... 

The processes generating plant compounds have been separated into primary and secondary metabolism. Primary metabolism produces the basic products for the life of the plant like carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA. The primary metabolites are produced in relatively large quantities and their distribution is universal. On the contrary, the secondary metabolites are... 

The presence of two or more carboxyl groups in a carbon chain gives rise to dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic, etc., acids many of these acids are designated by universally recognised and accepted trivial names (see Table 10.20). Unsaturated acids are considered in Section 5.18.3, p. 804 other functionally substituted acids (e.g. hydroxy acids, amino acids, etc.) are considered in Section 5.14. 

Armour, M.A. and Linetsky, A., A Laboratory Disposal Method for Acrylic Acid, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1999. 

AB Rifkind Cornell University Medical Center, Ithaca, NY Use a chick embryo model to investigate whether 2,3,7,8-TCDD-induced P-450 participates in 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity by metabolizing endogenous compounds, such as the membrane fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA), to biologically active metabolites that can affect cell signals and thereby modulate toxicity ... 

These transformations of metals and their ores or calxes were not all that Stahl s notion of principles explained. The combustion of sulfur yielded an acid, which Stahl, following Becher, called the universal acid, because he considered it to be the principle of acidity, the material constituent that was essential to the formation of every acid. Since sulfur could burn, it must contain phlogiston. Today, we consider sulfur, like the metals, to be a chemical element. For Stahl, the universal acid was a mixt. So were sulfur and the metals, because he believed that they contained more than one material constituent. That is, they were more complex than the products of their combustion. 

Derivatives of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, and related compounds are very important in biological systems. Pyrophosphoric acid is an anhydride of phosphoric acid. Adenosine triphosphate, an energy carrier that is universally found in living organisms, has a phosphorus dianhydride connected to an adenosine group by a phosphate ester linkage. Phosphorus ester bonds are used to form the polymeric backbone of DNA (see Chapter 27). 

G. A. Holloway, Ph.D. Thesis, Synthesis and Reactivity of Electroactive Carbon Sulfide Ligands and Studies of Modifications of Nuclic Acids, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001. J. G. Breitzer, G. A. Holloway, T. B. Rauchfuss, and M. R. Saleta, Inorg. Synth., submitted. 

The Golden Chain of Homer" provides one of the clearest descriptions of this process. The text describes the Universal Fire generating "an invisible and most subtle humidity" which consequently undergoes a gentle fermentation to generate the Universal Acid — "a most subtil, spiritual Incorporeal Niter Spiritus Mundi." As this Universal Acid enters the atmosphere, it becomes more material and meets an Alkaline, passive principle, whereupon it becomes fixed as native Niter. 

Glycine (a-amino acid) Universal GABAA-R agonist... 

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