Acid waste systems

Laboratory waste water can be handled in various ways. Special acid waste systems that utilize neutralizing tanks and are separate from the sanitary waste system are found in many modem research buildings. For work with very hazardous agents waste water should be heat-treated before it enters the ordinary waste system. 

The dry powder process has several additional advantages over the wet process. For example, much less waste of enamel occurs because the dry over-spray is airborne and recycled in a closed system. No-pidde ground coats have broadened the apphcation of both wet-process and dry-process systems. These enamels are appHed over cleaned-only metal. Thus the problems of disposing of pickling acid wastes containing iron sulfates and nickel wastes are eliminated (see Metal surface treatments) (7). 

To reduce pollution, Dow developed a new catalyst system from the mor-denite-zeolite group to replace phosophoric acid or aluminum chloride catalysts. The new catalysts eliminates the disposal of acid wastes and handling corrosive materials. 

One technique used in a number of facilities that utilize molten salt for metal surface treatment prior to pickling is to take advantage of the alkaline values generated in the molten salt bath in treating other wastes generated in the plant. When the bath is determined to be spent, it is in many instances manifested, hauled off-site, and land disposed. One technique is to take the solidified spent molten salt (molten salt is sold at ambient temperatures) and circulate acidic wastes generated in the facility over the material prior to entry into the waste treatment system. This in effect neutralizes the acid wastes and eliminates the requirements of manifesting and land disposal. 

EARS [Enhanced acid regeneration system] A process for recovering hydrochloric acid from the ERMS ilmenite beneficiation process. It may be used also for recovering waste pickle liquor. The acid liquor containing ferrous chloride is evaporated at low temperature to form iron chloride pellets, which are fed to a pyrohydrolysis reactor. This generates hydrochloric acid and iron oxide pellets, which can be used for steel production or disposed of as inert landfill. Developed by E. A. Walpole at the University of Newcastle, Australia, from the early 1990s and piloted by Austpac Gold (now Austpac Resources). 

The mother liquor and washing waters from precipitation and cleaning carry some lead azide. All the mother liquors and washing waters are therefore collected in a vat, where nitric acid and sodium nitrite are added, and the liquid is stirred for half an hour. After the lead azide has been destroyed, the acid waste waters — which are no longer explosive — are discharged into a sump or the sewerage system. 

This AQUATECH acid recycle system is the first of its kind in the world. It was designed to recycle 1.6 million gallons of waste acid a year, recovering 90% of the total fluoride and nitrates resources. The waste volume is reduced by 90% to the resultant solid metal hydroxide cake which is then recycled to the furnace. Over the past two years of operation, the system successfully reduced the acid waste hauled. Actual waste acid processed versus acid product regenerated are tracked in Figure 8. 

Steward GA, Chiba Z, Balazs GB, Nelson N, Lewis PR. Mediated electrochemical oxidation of organic wastes using trivalent cobalt mediator in a nitric acid based system. United States Patent 5,911,868, 1999. 

Owing to its low cost and wide availability, sulfuric acid is the main neutralizer for basic solutions. The most important base for neutralizing acidic wastes is calcium hydroxide (or calcium oxide), although its low solubility sometimes poses a problem. This can be circumvented by the use of sodium hydroxide (albeit at a higher cost, as discussed in the previous section). Owing to the chemical and mechanical simplicity of these neutralization operations, highly automated systems can be employed. Such pH adjustment operations are normally performed prior to other water treatment steps. 

Borden R. (2001) Geochemical evolution of sulphide-bearing waste rock soils at the Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah. In Evolution and Remediation of Acid—Sulphate Systems at Reclaimed Mine Sites (eds. J. J. Donovan and A. W. Rose). Geological Society of London, pp. 15-21. 

For waste management purposes, various solvent extraction processes primarily for the removal of Cs and °Sr from alkaline or weak acidic solutions have been developed on bench scale as well as on pilot scale [35,36]. Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid/kerosene system with Span 80 surfactant showed promise for the pertraction of °Sr from aqueous solutions. 

If our blood s pH is constantly unbalanced, even a little bit, it is no longer effective at neutralizing and eliminating acid waste products from our systems. The more they build up and the longer they persist, the more likely that disease will take hold. 

You might not know much about your lymphatic system, but it is critical to great health. The lymphatic system (or lymph system) is a complex network of fluid-filled nodes, glands, and tubes that bathe our cells and carry cellular waste to the bloodstream. In many ways, it is comparable to a street sweeper, sweeping up dirt and debris and carrying it out of our tissues. Your diet and lifestyle determine how quickly your lymphatic system eliminates acidic wastes. 

The tonsils are part of the lymphatic system (they help prevent toxins from entering your body), as are the spleen and thymus. The lymphatic system handles toxins that enter your body from external sources, such as food or air pollution, but also deals with internally produced toxins (endotoxins), such as in inflammation, that are the result of normal metabolic processes. It carries acid waste products via lymph fluid, which enters your veins (and thus your bloodstream) near your heart. Once toxins have been swept up and dumped into the bloodstream, the kidneys and liver take over to filter them out of the blood. 

A healthy lymphatic system also helps purify your blood. One of the ways it does this is through the largest mass of lymph tissue in the body, the spleen, an oval organ located to the left of the stomach, just under the lower part of your rib cage. The spleen fights bacteria, viruses, and other microbes that spew acid wastes as part of their metabolism. 

Here s a simple way to stimulate your lymphatic system get a natural-bristle brush meant for dry skin brushing from your local health food store. Before your morning shower, brush your dry skin in circular motions. Start at your feet and work up all sides of your legs. Then work in circles up your abdomen toward your heart. Continue brushing in circles up all sides of your arms. By doing this, you re stimulating your blood and lymph fluid to remove acidic wastes. Remember, always brush toward your heart that s the way the lymphatic system naturally flows. This simple exercise takes only a minute or two but offers great health rewards. 

Clearly, a meal of steak, french fries (with salt, vinegar, and ketchup), a beer or cola, and chocolate cake can throw your whole system off Add a cup of coffee and you re quickly running a serious alkaline mineral deficit. Once your addictive cravings are gone and your body has detoxified from acid-forming foods and acid wastes, you will find yourself craving the delicious alkaline foods that fuel your body and provide energy. 

---