Acid chlorides acidity/basicity

Given that the p/Ca of imidazolium ion is 7 is a 1 M aqueous solution of imidazolium chloride acidic basic or neutraP What about a 1 M solu tion of imidazole A solution containing equal molar quantities of imidazole and imidazolium chloride ... 

The relative contributions from these processes strongly depend on the reaction conditions, such as type of solvent, substrate and water concentration, and acidity of catalyst (78,79). It was also discovered that in acid—base inert solvents, such as methylene chloride, the basic assistance requited for the condensation process is provided by another silanol group. This phenomena, called intra—inter catalysis, controls the linear-to-cyclic products ratio, which is constant at a wide range of substrate concentrations. 

All chemicals, whether inorganic or organic, are either acidic, basic, or neutral. An example of an inorganic acid is sulfuric acid used in automobile batteries, while the acetic acid found in vinegar is an organic acid. Ammonia found in many household cleaners is a base, as are sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide (lye). Sodium chloride (common salt) is an example of a salt because it is produced by the neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. A solution of table sugar in water is neutral (pH 7) because it does not contain hydrogen ions nor does it react with bases to produce water. 

C17-0082. Decide if aqueous solutions of the following salts are acidic, basic, or neutral. For each, write the balanced equation that determines the pH of the solution, (a) NaHS (b) NaOI (c) LiClOq and (d) HC5 H5 NCl (pyridinium chloride). (See Appendix E for K values.)... 

With arsenic and the remaining members of that group we may notice the same characters the anhydrous chlorides produced by the action of chlorine on the element, or, when it is not available, on a mixture of the oxide with carbon at a red heat the aqueous solution produced by dissolving the oxide or hydroxide in hydrochloric acid. Basic chlorides are also known, e.g. ClAsO, CISbO, and CIBiO, from the trichlorides and OPCl3, and OSbCl3, from the pentachlorides, on reacting with a small amount 1 of water. 

Auric hydroxide, AuOOH.—A 5 per cent, yield of the pure hydroxide is obtained by precipitating auric chloride with basic magnesium carbonate, and treating the precipitate with 30 per cent, nitric acid, most of the auric hydroxide dissolving in this solvent.4 The poor yield is probably explicable on the assumption of the formation of insoluble complex salts which are precipitated with the hydroxide, and render necessary the drastic process of treatment with nitric acid, thus dissolving a large proportion of the hydroxide itself. The hydroxide has also been prepared in an impure state by several other methods.6... 

Acetylene is condensed to vinylacetylene and divinylacetylene by cuprous chloride and ammonium chloride. Similar additions of other compounds containing an active hydrogen atom occur in the presence of various catalysts. Mercury salts ate most effective in the vapor-phase reaction of acetylene with hydrogen chloride to give vinyl chloride (100%). Basic catalysts such as potassium hydroxide, potassium ethoxide, or zinc oxide are used for the vinylation of alcohols, glycols, amines, and acids. Most of these reactions involve the use of acetylene under pressure, and few have been described as simple laboratory procedures. Chloroacetic acid, however, reacts with acetylene at atmospheric pressure in the presence of mercuric oxide to yield vinyl chloro-acetate (49%). ... 

Pyrazole rings are formed from 2-alkylpyridine-Af-imines and acid chlorides under basic conditions. For example, the 1-aminopyridinium salt (336) gives first (337) but this is very reactive and is acetylated under the reaction conditions to (338 Scheme 95) (68JOC3766). The 2-hydroxymethylpyridine (339) shows similar reactions (Scheme 96) (73CPB2146). 

Experiment 52. — Dissolve a small piece of sodium hydroxide in an evaporating dish half full of water. Slowly add dilute hydrochloric acid, until a drop taken from the dish by means of a glass rod reddens blue litmus paper. Then evaporate to dryness by heating over a piece of wire gauze. Since the residue mechanically holds traces of the excess of hydrochloric acid added, it is necessary to remove this acid before applying any test. Heat the dish until all the yellow color disappears, then moisten the residue carefully with a few drops of warm water and heat again to remove the last traces of acid. This precaution is essential to the success of the experiment. Test a portion of the residue with litmus paper to find whether it has acid, basic, or neutral properties. Taste a little. Test (a) a solution of the residue for a chloride, and (b) a portion of the solid residue for sodium. Draw a definite conclusion from the total evidence. 

Write the chemical equation for any hydrolysis reaction that occurs when cesium chloride is dissolved in water. Is the resulting solution acidic, basic, or neutral ... 

Cranmer and Mabry4 applied gas chromatography to investigate the alkaloids in sixteen species belonging to the genus Baptisia. The alkaloids were extracted with methylene chloride made basic with ammonium hydroxide. After concentration of the solution the alkaloids were taken up in aqueous citric acid solution and this was extracted with methylene chloride to remove impurities. The pH of the aqueous solution was then adjusted to 10 with ammonium hydroxide and the alkaloid bases extracted with methylene chloride. After concentration of the methylene chloride extract it was gas chromatographed on a packed column of 3 % XE-60 and 5 % DC 550 on Chromosorb U at 220-223°C. The retention times are given in Table 7.3. 

In liquid ammonia would sodium amide, NaNH2, be acidic, basic, or neutral Would ammonium chloride, NH4CI, be acidic, basic, or neutral Why ... 

The cationic palladium(II) complex [Pd(24a)3Cl]+ of the para-isomer of 24a (M = Na) catalyzes the carbonylation of benzyl chloride in basic medium to give phenyl-acetic acid in high yields. The Pd(0) complex [Pd(24a)3], formed by reduction of [Pd(24a)3Cl]+ with CO, is asumed to be the catalytic species [93] (see Scheme 1). Palladium complexes of ligands related to 24a (M = Na) have also been employed in aqueous ethylene glycol phases as catalysts for Suzuki-type C—C cross-coupling reactions for the syntheses of substituted biphenyls (cf. Section 6.6) [97]. 

Methylene Blue. 3,7-Bis(dimethylaminoipheno-thiazin-5-ium chloride Cl. Basic Blue 9 methylthioninium chloride tet tame thy] thionine chloride 3,7-bis(dimethylami-no)phenazathionium chloride Swiss blue C.I. 52015 solvent blue 8 urolene blue. C,fH CINjS mol wi 319.85. C 60.0855s H S.67%. Cl 11,08%, N ]3.]4%, S 10.02%. May crystallize with 3, 4 and 5 mols HjO. First prepd by Coro in ]876. Now usually prepd from dimethyl aniline and thiosul-furic acid H. E- Fieri-David, L, Blangey, Fundamental Processes of Dye Chemistry (Interscience. New York, 1949) p 311. See also Colour Index vol. 4 (3rd ed, ]971) p 4470. 

GC-MS the modifier identity is more important than modifier concentration for enhancing extraction efficiencies of PAHs and PCBs however, the concentration influences over high molecular weight PAHs recoveries PCBs best modifiers acidic/basic modifiers including methanol, acetic acid and aniline low molecular weight PAHs best modifiers aniline, acetic acid, acetonitrile, methanol/toluene, hexane and diethylamine high molecular weight PAHs best modifiers toluene, diethylamine and methylene chloride Determination Online SFE-LC-UV extraction recovery 237... 

Seiler (76) has reported the separation of P-, P-, P-, and P-O-P-acids by thin layer chromatography. Pure silica gel, 28 g., is well ground with 2 g. of pure starch, mixed with 50 ml. of water, and then diluted with 10 ml. of water. TTiis amount of the mixture is just enough to prepare five plates of 20 X 20 cm. After the water on the thin layer is removed, the plate is dried at 120°C. for 2 hr. and then kept in a desiccator containing calcium chloride. A basic solvent is prepared by mixing 50 ml. of methyl alcohol, 15 ml. of concentrated aqueous ammonia, 5 ml. of... 

Derivatization of Cys is easily accomplished because of the highly nucleophilic nature of the thiol side chain. Use of the desired alkyl halide or tosylate under a variety of conditions (acidic, basic) or the relevant alcohol under acidic conditions generally gives good yields of the desired derivative [30,65,67-69,72,75,76,78-81,86-89] (Scheme 17). Protection with the Snm group can be accomplished by displacing the Acm group with (chlorocarbonyl) sulfenyl chloride followed by addition of A-methylaniline... 

Zeolite could selectively adsorb A -nitrosamines in the solution of methylene chloride or water, and the equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich-type isotherms. Textural and acid-basic properties of zeolite determined their adsorption capacity. The extraordinary adsorption properties of NaA zeolite for iV-nitrosamines is inferred that the adsorbates inert the channel with the group -N=N-0. Larger amount of A-nitrosamines was adsorbed on ZSM-5 zeolite in water instead in methylene chloride, due to the hydrophobicity of the zeolite. Application of zeolite to remove A-nitrosamines from beer seems successful. Up to 100% of the worst carcinogenic compounds could thus be removed with 1.4 g/L of zeolite which was proven to be better adsorbent than silica or alumina. On Na 3 zeolite and MCM-41 mesoporous material A-nitrosodimethylamine decomposed above 573 K and the liberated NOx could be detected even at 773 K during the TPSR process, indicating the strong adsorption of A-nitrosamines on molecular sieves that makes zeolite become the functional materials for environmental protection. 

The electrochemical windows exhibited by the chloroaluminates (Table 3.6-1) tend to fall into three ranges that correspond to the types of chloroaluminate ionic hquids basic, neutral, and acidic. Basic ionic hquids contain an excess of the organic chloride salt (>50 mol%) resulting in the presence of free chloride ion (a Lewis base). This, in turn, significantly restricts the anodic limit of the basic ionic hquids. 

---