Acetylene black filler

Chemically, limestone is also a feedstock for forming calcium carbide, which is used to manufacture acetylene, a feedstock for acetylene black filler, phenol acetylene tackifier resins, and other rubber chemical additives. 

Calcium carbide is the feedstock to make acetylene black (filler) for rubber. 

The anode layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells typically includes a catalyst and a binder, often a dispersion of poly(tetraflu-oroethylene) or other hydrophobic polymers, and may also include a filler, e.g., acetylene black carbon. Anode layers may also contain a mixture of a catalyst, ionomer and binder. The presence of a ionomer in the catalyst layer effectively increases the electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst, which requires a ionically conductive pathway to the cathode catalyst to generate electric current (16). 

The reinforcement by fillers increases as the filler concentration increases since the reinforcing mechanism is related to the presence of active sites on the filler surface which are available for reaction or interaction with matrix polymer. But this increase is limited by the effect a filler has on the rheological properties of a mixed material. There is a certain filler concentration above which the reinforcing effect of the dispersed filler is lost. Carbon black can serve as a simple example. Acetylene black has many useful properties but it cannot be used effectively for reinforcement because its structure does not permit high loadings whereas some furnace blacks can be loaded to high concentrations. 

Among carbon fillers, carbon black is most commonly used due to good conduction performance, and metallic oxides are often used to make fiber white. Du Pont produced a composite nylon fiber made up of nylon sheath and conductive polymer core formed by dispersing about 30% carbon Hack in LDPE matrix. When the conductive core content was ca. 4%, the was around 10 cm[96,97]. Toray[98] developed a composite nylon fiber made up of nylon-6 sheath and conductive polymer core formed by dispersing about 30% carbon black in nylon-6 matrix. When the conductive core content was ca. 5%, the was 10 to 10 cm. Other conductive nylon fiber was reported by Unitika[99,100], in which 25% acetylene black was dispersed in nylon-6, which was combined with the same nylon 6 base polymer at a ratio of20/80. The conductive polymer was exposed onto the fiber surface to increase efficiency. A white-colored conductive nylon fiber was also obtained by using titanium dioxide particles with diameters of 2 pm or less coated with tin oxide. A heat resistant conductive nylon fiber was obtained by dispersing carbon black in an aromatic polyamide[101]. 

Carbon black (CB) is indisputably the most widely used reinforcing filler in NR formulations. It improves tensile and tear strengths, modulus and hardness, abrasion and thermo-oxidative resistance, etc. of NR-based materials. CB is manufactured by a variety of processes, including the channel process, to produce furnace black, thermal black, lamp black and acetylene black. NR-based composites and nanocomposites with the addition of CB exhibit the monotonous black colour to the finished goods. 

Applications. The principle applications of acetylene black are in the production of dry cells and as a filler in rubber and plastic materials, particularly if electrical conductivity is required. 

The effectiveness of carbon nanotubes as conductive filler to cathode of lithium ion batteries (Fig. 17) was demonstrated by adding small amounts of both carbon nanotubes and acetylene blacks to LiCoOa-based active materials [77]. The merits of using carbon nanotubes together with acetylene blacks as cathode fillers include not only the enhancement of the electrical and the thermal properties of the electrode, but also the enhancement of the density of the electrode and the shortening of the electrolyte absorption time. We envisage that the use of carbon nanotubes as multi-functional fillers will increase in both cathode and anode materials for lithium ion secondary batteries. 

Acetylene is directly used to manufacture acetylene black, which is used as a special filler In some rubber formulations. 

On some occasions, carbonaceous fillers such as a conducting black (acetylene black) or graphite are added to a plastic to enable it to meet certain conductivity requirements. It is possible to use TGA to quantify these types of fillers. It is also a useful way of differentiating between these materials and... 

Fig. 12. Flow curves of poly(isobutylene), containing different concentrations of active filler (acetylene carbon black). Concentration (in volume percent) is indicated near the curves. A is the region of flow for stresses exceeding the yield stress B is the region directly adjacent to the yield stress...

Abstract Plasma polymerization is a technique for modifying the surface characteristics of fillers and curatives for rubber from essentially polar to nonpolar. Acetylene, thiophene, and pyrrole are employed to modify silica and carbon black reinforcing fillers. Silica is easy to modify because its surface contains siloxane and silanol species. On carbon black, only a limited amount of plasma deposition takes place, due to its nonreactive nature. Oxidized gas blacks, with larger oxygen functionality, and particularly carbon black left over from fullerene production, show substantial plasma deposition. Also, carbon/silica dual-phase fillers react well because the silica content is reactive. Elemental sulfur, the well-known vulcanization agent for rubbers, can also be modified reasonably well. 

The reduction in filler-filler interaction due to acetylene-plasma treatment is obviously due to the lower surface energy of the coated carbon black. The carbon black shows an appreciable reduction in surface energy after the plasma treatment, towards the range of the polymer S-SBR. This results in a better wetting of the filler particles by the elastomer [53, 54]. 

Additives used in final products accelerator (MTBS) antidegradants (amine type), antioxidant curing agents (ZnO, Zn stearate) fillers (carbon black and mineral fillers, such as silica, clays, talc, whiting), peroxide (e.g. dicumyl) release agent (metal stearates), retarder (MgO) plasticizers (petroleum based oils), sulfur tackifying resins (phenolic, phenol-formaldehyde, phenol-acetylene, hydrocarbon resins UV stabilizer (carbon black) ... 

Creating EVM with optimum hot-air resistance requires either carbon black or light-colored, non-active fillers. The best resistance is obtained using acetylene carbon black. Powdery talc, chalk, or kaolin grades are appropriate for light-colored mixtures [697]. 

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