Reinforcing fillers carbon black

Reinforcing Fillers. Carbon black is by far the most heavily used reinforcing filler for tire compounds. Annual tire usage of all grades of carbon black is estimated to be over three million metric tons aimuaHy. 

Additionally for rubber compounds, the differences in polarity and unsaturation of the various polymers cause different affinities for fillers and curing additives. In blends of different rubber polymers, the reinforcing filler carbon black for instance locates itself preferentially in the phase with the higher unsaturation and/or polarity, leaving the lower unsaturation or nonpolar phase unreinforced. The affinity for carbon black decreases in the following order of polymers [2] ... 

The highly filled polyurethane joints that were studied are described in Fig. 24.8 [20]. The polymer chains on both sides of the interface are hydroxytelechelic poly butadiene chains (HTPBs). On the one hand, we have PUg in which the main additives are diisocyanate (isophorone diisocyanate) and 80% of reinforcing fillers (aluminum and potassium chloride). On the other hand, PUa contains the same diisocyanate and only 20% of reinforcing filler (carbon black). 

In this chapter, reinforcing fillers, carbon black and precipitated silica, will be discussed. Because a reference book on carbon black [1] and a review article on silica [2] are available, the discussion will be limited to the aspects that are pertinent to mixing. 

Overall the results led to the conclusion that acetylated nanoparticles of both starch and cellulose offer potential eco-friendly substitutes for the conventional filler carbon black upto 40 phr. They imparted high mechanical strength and elasticity with minimum compromise in themal stability and moisture absorption of the resulting bionanocomposites. Cellulose acetate nanoparticles afforded effective reinforcement even upto loadings as high as 50 phr. 

Nanocarbon composites can be broadly divided into three kinds, each with some possible subdivisions. Examples of these composites and their schematic representations are presented in Fig. 8.1. The first type corresponds to composites where the nanocarbon is used as a filler added to a polymer matrix analogous, for example, to rubber reinforced with carbon black (CB). The second consists of hierarchical composites with both macroscopic fibers and nanocarbon in a polymer, such as a carbon fiber laminate with CNTs dispersed in the epoxy matrix. The third type is macroscopic fibers based... 

We restrict, in this paper, the discussions related to the reinforcement of elastomers to the investigation of a single filler, carbon black. We, moreover, mostly focus on the part played by surface chemical interactions in the properties of filler reinforced rubbers. 

Reinforcement with carbon black or mineral ingredients is not possible. These reinforcing fillers affect the mechanical strength adversely and do not improve them. However the non-reinforcing fillers such as softer blacks and graphite and ebonite dust increase the resistance of ebonites to acids in an outstanding manner. 

In the present paper, which is intended as a review of more recent progress only, emphasis is placed on the physical approach, but not to complete exclusion of the nature of the polymer-filler bond. Because of the overwhelming importance of carbon black as a reinforcing filler, and because most of the pertinent literature on reinforcement concerns carbon black filled rubbers, much of the discussion will be directed to carbon black reinforcement. However, the principles involved are general and apply qualitatively also to other fillers. 

For practical applications, rubber material is usually reinforced with fillers. Carbon black is the most common filler. Carbon black is mainly derived fi om aromatic oil in petroleum or from natural gas. Substitution of carbon black (CB) with renewable filler has been investigated in recent years. Recent studies... 

Filler Semi Reinforcing Furnace Carbon Black ... 

Sample used in reference (14) is Viton A, cross-linked and reinforced with carbon black filler. The description of the cross-linking method is given in detail in the same reference. 

The use of carbon black as a reinforcing filler for tire treads started back in 1918. The effect of the reinforcing by carbon black is not clear enough. It is known that the factors irrfluencing the reirrforcement are as follows ... 

Most rubber is reinforced by carbon black silicone rubber is not. Instead, it is reinforced by fine-particle-size fumed silica. This definitely improves tensile strength, though it still cannot equal most other types of elastomers (Table 3.38). Other fillers do not increase strength tjut may be used to improve processability, increase hardness and reduce tack and compression set. Carbon black is used to increase electrical conductivity. 

Fillers Carbon black Reinforcing filler improves physical properties and reduces cost... 

A common practice to enhance the properties of rubber products is by loading large amounts of fillers that are either reinforcing or non-reinforcing. Traditionally carbon black, precipitated silica and calcium carbonate are used to reinforce the natural rubber matrix in bulk amounts, up to 80 phr in some cases. Addition of large quantities of fillers reduces the elasticity and processability and increases the weight of the natural rubber composites. 

It is important to keep in mind also, that in practice, rubbers are rarely used in the form of pure polymer. They are almost always reinforced with carbon black, and often contain other fillers, plasticizing and extending oils, etc., all of which influence the stress-strain properties, and are not considered in the theories discussed here. 

---