Acetylene manufacture

Newer coal-based methods of acetylene manufacture under development include the AVCO process, based on the reaction of coal in a hydrogen plasma. Finely divided coal is passed through a hydrogen plasma arc generating temperature gradients of up to 15,000 K. About 67% of the coal is consumed, yielding char and acetylene in concentrations up to 16%. An energy requirement of 9.5 kW h/kg acetylene has been reported (33). 

Coal, 3 683 6 703-771. See also Coal gasification Coals acetylene manufacture from, 1 189, 210-213... 

Crucible steelmaking process, 23 249 Crude beeswax, 26 207 Crude oil(s), 3 760 70 825 78 591. See also Crude petroleum Oils Petroleum acetylene manufacture from, 7 194-195, 200... 

Metham—sodium, 13 321 Methanation, 13 768 Methane, 13 690-695. See also Methyl entries Natural gas acetylene manufacture from, 1 196—198, 201, 203... 

Acetylene, Manufacture of Tetranitromethane, From. See P ATR 2510(1958), p Ger 195, unde Tetan... 

D. W. K. Hardie, Acetylene, Manufacture and Uses, Oxford University Press, London, UK, 1965. 

FIGURE 1 Acetylene manufacture by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. 

If desired, the hydrochloric acid can be obtained via cracking of ethylene dichloride. The oxychlorination process freed vinyl chloride production from the economics of a more costly raw material, acetylene. Deliberate acetylene manufacture is energy intensive and relatively expensive. By-product acetylene from gas cracking is less expensive, but it has not been available in sufficient supply for the large, approximately billion-pound-per-year plus, vinyl chloride production units. 

ACETYLENE MANUFACTURE FROM HYDROCARBONS. THERMAL PROCESSES WITH EVDIRECT HEAT TRANSFER... 

Fig. 5.13. Acetylene manufacture by autothennal combustion of hydrocarbons. Scheme of the submerg l flame reactor.

ACETYLENE MANUFACTURE BY EXTRACTION FROM STEAM-CRACKED C, CUTS... 

Table 5.5 gives economic data concerning the main acetylene manufacturing processes. 

Table 5.7 provides and idea of the average commercial specifications for acetylene, manufactured from calcium carbide or hydrocarbons. 

Jones, A. T. 1960. Ratal gassing at an acetylene manufacturing plant. Archives of Environmental Health 5 417. 

Acetylene [74-86-2]y C2H2, is an extremely reactive hydrocarbon, principally used as a chemical intermediate (see Hydrocarbons, acetylene). Because of its thermodynamic instability, it cannot easily or economically be transported for long distances. To avoid large free volumes or high pressures, acetylene cylinders contain a porous solid packing and an organic solvent. Acetylene pipelines are severely restricted in size and must be used at relatively low pressures. Hence, for large-scale operations, the acetylene consumer must be near the place of acetylene manufacture. 

Excellent reviews of azeotropic and extractive distillation, oxo process, polymers, fractionating trays, separation by crystallization radioisotopes, radiation processing, detergents, hydrazine preparation, liquid thermal diffusion, isomerization, acetylene manufacture, etc. 

Acetylene is a reactive material that poses a fire and explosion hazard. Its lower and upper explosive limits in air are 2.5% and 93%, respectively. Acetylene reacts with active metals (e.g., copper, silver, and mercury) to form explosive acetylide compounds. Acetylene manufactured from calcium carbide can contain impurities such as phosphine and arsine that are responsible for the ethereal to garlic-like odor of commercial acetylene and pose a greater human... 

ACETYLENE MANUFACTURE FROM COAL CALCIUM CARBIDE PROCESS... 

Fig. 5.5. Acetylene manufacture from hydrocarbons by electric arc treatment. Huse scheme. 

ACETYLENE MANUFACTURE FROM hydrocarbons AUTOTHERMAL PROCESSES... 

Fig, 5.12. Acetylene manufacture by autothermal combustion of hydrocarbons. BASF submerged flame process,... 

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