Electrolyte absorption

In the 2inc chloride cell, precipitated basic 2inc chloride is the primary anode product because of the low concentration of ammonium chloride in the cell. Water and 2inc chloride are consumed in equations 1 and 7 and must be provided in adequate amounts for the cell to discharge efficiendy. Usually more carbon is used in 2inc chloride cells than in Led an chit cells in order to increase the electrolyte absorptivity of the cathode and thus allow the use of a larger volume of electrolyte. Also, the use of a thin paper separator, which decreases internal resistance, allows less space for water storage than the thick, pasted separator constmction traditionally used in Leclanchn cells. 

Mechanical strength becomes an important criterion, because wound cells (spiral-type construction), in which a layer of separator material is spirally wound between each two electrodes, are manufactured automatically at very high speed. Melt-blown polypropylene fleeces, with their excellent tensile properties, offer an interesting option. Frequently two layers of the same or different materials are used, to gain increased protection against shorts for button cells the use of three layers, even, is not unusual. Nevertheless the total thickness of the separation does not exceed 0.2 - 0.3 mm. For higher-temperature applications (up to about 60 °C) polypropylene fleeces are preferred since they offer a better chemical stability, though at lower electrolyte absorption [ 114"]. 

Billich, C. O., Levitan, R., Effects of sodium concentration and osmolality on water and electrolyte absorption form the intact human colon, J. Clin. Invest. 1969, 48, 1336-1347. 

External reflectance. As was seen above, in this approach the strong electrolyte absorption is minimised by employing a thin layer configuration and the possible severe restrictions imposed on the diffusion of species to and from the electrode in such an arrangement can lead to some difficulties. 

Binder HJ, Sandle GI (1987) Electrolyte absorption and secretion in the mammalian colon. In Johnson LR (ed.) Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2nd edn., Raven Press, New York, pp 1389-1418... 

Mechanism of Action-. An antidiarrheal and growth hormone suppressant that suppresses the secretion of serotonin and gastroenteropancreatic peptides and enhances fluid and electrolyte absorption from the G1 tract Therapeutic Effect Prolongs intestinal transit time. 

Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl, 5-15 mg daily. Senna, dosage varies, consult product labeling Correctol, Dulcolax, Ex-Lax, Senokot, various generic Stimulant laxative actions include direct irritation of intestinal mucosa or stimulation of the myenteric plexus, resulting in peristalsis. These agents may also cause alteration of fluid and electrolyte absorption, resulting in luminal fluid accumulation and bowel evacuation. 

Binder, H.J., and G.I. Sandle. 1987. Electrolyte absorption and secretion in mammalian colon. In Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, 2nd ed., ed. L.R. Johnson, 1389. New York Raven Press. 

Bismuth salicylate has a number of properties contributing to its antidiarrheal effects. This drug may stimulate water and electrolyte absorption from the lower GI tract, thus decreasing fecal fluid loss. In addition, the bismuth component of this compound may have antibacterial effects, and the salicylate component may inhibit the production of prostaglandins that irritate the intestinal lining. The combination of these properties makes this drug fairly effective in... 

Electrolyte absorption Flexible network Optimal SEI formation Low amounts required... 

Hemicellulose and oligosaccharides are now staple items in fat replacement systems.21 They are claimed to have indirect beneficial roles in human health, because they ferment in the intestines (Tomomatsu, 1994) and large bowel where they produce short-chain fatty acids that seem to enhance electrolyte absorption and stimulate colonic muscular activity (Topping, 1994). Polydextrose is used as a low-calorie bulking agent. 

Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) is used widely in humans for treatment of diarrhea and is specifically recommended for the prevention of traveler s diarrhea. The precise mechanism of action remains undetermined and although the end result of treatment with BSS is reduction in diarrhea (Figueroa-Quintanilla et al 1993), its effect is probably not related to a direct antisecretory mechanism. Salicylates have been shown to stimulate intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption per se but it is likely that, in many cases of colitis, resolution of inflammation and restoration of a normal surface epithelium is required to restore mucosal function. When used as pretreatment or coadministered, BSS significantly reduced the fluid secretory response to E. coli LT enterotoxin and cholera toxin in intestinal loops of rabbits and pigs (Ericsson et al 1990). However, when administered even 5 min after the enterotoxins, BSS had no significant effect on enterotoxin-stimulated intestinal secretion. These results suggest that BSS adsorbs or neutralizes bacterial enterotoxins but does not alter the effect of enterotoxins once they have bound to intestinal mucosa. BSS also modulates normal... 

Bile acid malabsorption leading to chronic diarrhea occurs when there is ileal disease (e.g., Crohn s disease), or after resection of the terminal deum it may also occur following cholecystectomy and in some patients with irritable bowel syndromed The malabsorption of bile salts produces diarrhea by two different mechanisms. When significant bile salt depletion occurs, the deficiency of intraluminal bile salts leads to fat malabsorption and steatorrhea. More commonly, malabsorption of bile salts in the ileum leads to increased concentrations of bile salts in the colon where they alter water and electrolyte absorption. This leads to net secretion of water into the lumen and diarrhea. Bile salt malabsorption is probably an underdiagnosed condition and should be suspected in patients with unexplained chronic diarrhea. 

The uncertainties regarding che actual topography of the layer obtained after emersion and subsequent transfer into the main UHV chamber precludes a precise determination of its thickness and composition based solely on the AES data. If one assumes, however, that the layer consists of a smooch nickel oxide and/or oxyhydroxide film interposed between the underlying metal and an equally smooch KOH overlayer che K/Ni signal is consistent with the presence of the equivalent of up to three molecular layers of KOH. This indicates chat the film of electrolyte that remains on the electrode surface after the electrolyte absorption step is on the order of a few nm. It must... 

Opiates have effects on all segments of the bowel, but effects are most pronounced on the colon. The major mechanism by which opiates produce constipation has been proposed to be prolongation of intestinal transit time by causing spastic, nonpropulsive contractions. An additional contributory mechanism may be an increase in electrolyte absorption. 

The traditional classification system for laxatives and cathartics by suspected mode of action is not very useful, as this is not clearly understood for many agents. In general, most of these products induce bowel evacuation by one or more of the mechanisms associated with the etiology of diarrhea, including active electrolyte secretion, decreased water and electrolyte absorption, increased intraluminal osmolarity, and increased hydrostatic pressnre in the gnt. Laxatives convert the intestine from primarily an organ that absorbs water and electrolytes to an organ that secretes these substances. 

Herbal medicines or teas often contain senna, which may produce diarrhea. In patients with disease persistence following dietary modification, loperamide may be used for episodic management of urgent diarrhea, or in situations in which the patient wishes to avoid the possibility of an acute onset of symptoms. This drug decreases intestinal transit, enhances water and electrolyte absorption, and strengthens rectal sphincter tone. Some patients may require continuous therapy, and careful dosage titration can usually be undertaken to prevent the development of constipation. Cholestyramine may be useful in patients with diarrhea related to idiopathic bile acid malabsorption or following cholecystectomy. ... 

In addition to its role in surfactant production, the type II cell also has a progenitor function, acting as the stem cell of the alveolar epithelium. The alveolar type I cells are highly susceptible to injury by oxygen and a variety of noxious substances. In such situations, type II cells can differentiate into type I cells and thus regenerate the gas-exchanging alveolar surface. Other functions of the type II cell are also believed to be the metabolism of foreign compounds (xenobiotic metabolism) and fluid and electrolyte absorption from the alveolar sacs into the interstitial matrix that surrounds the alveoli. 

Effect on a2-adrenergic receptors and electrolyte absorption T, Durhin et al Gastroenterology 82 1352 (1982). Series of... 

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