Acetone, from starch

Fig. 5 shows the rate of production of volatile compounds from starch and from D-glucose. It is apparent that furan and 2-methylfuran are initially produced in largest proportion, although this is not true of the summative yields in Table V. Again, although the total yields of acetaldehyde and acetone are each comparable to those of the furans, the initial rate of production is much less, but it does not decrease so much with time. These observations suggested that furan and its derivatives may be the primary decomposition products this hypothesis is discussed on p. 506. 

For example, an ABE plant was established at Germinston, South Africa in 1937 and ran successfully until 1983, first producing solvent from starch but switching to molasses. The fermentation and distillation recovery process operated in batch mode. The fermentation produced approximately 20gl of mixed solvents from 55 to 60 g 1 of substrate with solvent yields of about 0.35 g g sugar. The butanol acetone molar ratio is typically 2 1 [178]. 

Cellulose acetate will dissolve in acetone leaving the separated compound in solution. Macromolecules can be recovered from starch and polyacrylamide gels by electrodialysis. In some forms of preparative electrophoresis the sample is run until the components run off the end and can be collected. 

Fembach and Strange (1911) were issued the British patents 15,203-15,204 on Acetone and high alcohols (amyl, butyl, or ethyl alcohols and butyric, propionic or acetic acid) from starches, sugars, and other carbohydrates. In 1913, the first plant for the production of butanol from potatoes began in... 

Fernbach A, Strange EH (1911) Acetone and higher alcohols (amyl, butyl or ethyl alcohols and butyric, propionic or a< ic acid) from starches, sugars and other carbohydrates. British Patent 15203-15204 Fischer RJ, Helms J, Dii P (1993) Cloning, sequencing and molecular analysis of the sol operon of Clostridium acetobutylicum, a chromosomal locus involved in solventogenesis. J Bacteriol 175 6959-6969 Fond O, Jansen NB, Tsao GT (1985) A model of acetic acid and 2,3-butanediol inhibition of the growth and metabolism of Klebsiella oxytoca. Biotechnol Lett 7 727-732... 

Butanol (C4H9OH) is an alcohol produced from starch through ABE fermentation (ie, using acetone, butanol, and ethanol). It can be used in gasoline engines without modifications. 

The synthetic approach is very simple and does not require any special set up. In a typical room temperature reaction, 1.0 mL aqueous solution of cadmium chloride was added to 20 mL aqueous solution of soluble starch in a 50 mL one-necked round-bottom flask with constant stirring at room temperature. The pH of the solution was adjusted from 6 to 11 using 0.1 M ammonia solution. This was followed by a slow addition of 1.0 mL colourless selenide ion stock solution. The mixture was further stirred for 2 h and aged for 18 h. The resultant solution was filtered and extracted with acetone to obtain a red precipitate of CdSe nanoaprticles. The precipitate was washed several times and dried at room temperature to give a material which readily dispersed in water. The same procedure was repeated for the synthesis of PVA and PVP - capped CdSe nanoparticles by replacing the starch solution with the PVA and PVP polymers while the synthesis of elongated nanoparticles was achieved by changing the Cd Se precursor ratio from 1 1 to 1 2. The synthesis of polymer capped ZnSe nanoparticles also follows the same procedure except that ZnCb solution was used instead of CdCb solution. 

The analytical method for carfentrazone-ethyl and its major metabolites in/on corn grain, grits, meal, flour, and starch (nonoil matrices) consists of extractions with acetone and deionized water, followed by a partition with hexane, which allowed the separation of the parent carfentrazone-ethyl from the acid metabolites. The hexane... 

Different routes for converting biomass into chemicals are possible. Fermentation of starches or sugars yields ethanol, which can be converted into ethylene. Other chemicals that can be produced from ethanol are acetaldehyde and butadiene. Other fermentation routes yield acetone/butanol (e.g., in South Africa). Submerged aerobic fermentation leads to citric acid, gluconic acid and special polysaccharides, giving access to new biopolymers such as polyester from poly-lactic acid, or polyester with a bio-based polyol and fossil acid, e.g., biopolymers . 

More than seventy years ago the impressive discovery was made that bioreduction of mannitol, glycerol and starch yields butanol. Fermentations in which butyric acid, butanol and acetone are formed from carbohydrates by different bacilli (butyl bacteria) belong in this group. The term butyl bacteria as a generic name for microbes producing the genetically related substances of the four-carbon series was proposed in 1921" and has been applied since then. The approximate course of these reactions is shown by the following formulations which, however, do not explain the mechanism ... 

It was a good idea, but it didn t work. No microbe that Weizmann tried yielded isoprene. But Clostridium aceto-butylium did convert starch into a mixture of ethanol, acetone, and butanol, a blend that did not particularly interest Weizmann. It certainly interested Lloyd George, however he heard the whole account from Weizmann himself. Here, pehaps, was a way to produce the acetone that they sorely needed for the manufacture of cordite. Weizmann was asked to scale up his experimental process, and within a short time he d converted a gin distillery into a factory to make his mixture. He easily separated the acetone through distillation, and soon mass production was under way. There was no need for butanol, and huge stocks built up. But after the war the... 

Nitrostarch gives no color with iodine. It is insoluble in water and does not gelatinize to form a paste as starch does when it is boiled with water. It is not notably hygroscopic, but may take Up 1 or 2% of moisture from a damp atmosphere. It is soluble in acetone. The varieties of nitrostarch which are soluble in ether-alcohol contain about the same amounts of nitrogen as the varieties of nitrocellulose which dissolve in that mixed solvent. Nitrostarch does not form a good film or tough colloid as nitrocellulose does. 

Mineral and other Inert Substances.—The residue from the preceding determination, i.e., the part insoluble in the solvents of the rubber (or the part insoluble in acetone where the nitrosite method is used), may contain the mineral substances, the carbon and various inert organic substances (starch and other carbohydrates, vegetable textile fibres, etc.). Some of these, such as the fibres, may be recognised by the eye or under the microscope the starch may be removed with boiling water and recognised by means of iodine and the mineral matter may be identified by qualitative reactions. 

The starch is fermented to fusel oil and acetone, and from the former liquid, isoamyl alcohol is separated. 

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