Absorbances Properly

If an injection is more that 3 mL, divide the drug and give it as two separate injections. Volumes larger than 3 mL will not be absorbed properly. 

Turbidity The property of dispersions that causes a reduction in the transparency of the continuous phase due to light scattering and absorption. Turbidity is a function of the size and concentration of the dispersed species. The turbidity coefficient is simply the extinction coefficient in the Beer-Lambert equation for absorbance when light scattering rather than absorbance proper is being studied (hence turbidimetry). See also Nephelometry. 

Design and Operation. The absorber used in Ferrox installations has a lower section, or saturator, and an upper section, the absorber proper, llie saturator contains a continuous liquid phase, several feet high, through which the raw gas is bubbled before it enters the upper section. The function of the saturator is to provide sufficient contact time to complete the reaction between sodium hydrosulfide and ferric oxide before regeneration of the solution. If essentially complete reaction is achieved, thiosulfate formation in the regenerator is kept at a minimum. The upper part of the absorber contains sprays and wooden hurdles similar to those used in the Seaboard process and usually has a total height of 60 ft (Sperr, 1926). 

Perhaps the most promising regenerative dry process for the removal of sulfur dioxide from stack gases is the alkalized alumina process, which has undergone extensive development by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and others. Here the absorption step takes place at 300-350°C, which is a relatively low temperature compared with the lime absorption processes discussed previously. The absorption unit, perhaps a fluidized bed, would be located between the steam generation section of the boiler and the stack. The alumina provides a support rather akin to a catalyst support for the absorbent proper, which is Na20, at a level of about 20%. The absorption reaction is... 

Vitamin D3 is a key compound m the process by which Ca " is absorbed from the mtes tine Low levels of vitamin D3 lead to Ca " concentrations m the body that are msuffi cient to support proper bone growth resulting m the bone disease called rickets... 

If energy of the proper frequency is supplied, a transition between these quantum states occurs with the absorption of an amount of energy equal to the separation of the states. The frequency of the absorbed radiation lies in the radio-frequency range and depends on the local magnetic field at the atom in question. 

Hydrogen sulfide has traditionally been a problem in the tarnishing of silver and the discoloration of bronze patinas. This gas can be dealt with in the filters of the climate-control system as well as through the use of proper absorbing agents. For example, a paper treated with activated charcoal is fabricated especially for absorbing H2S within a microclimate. 

Small quantities of spilled form amide can be washed away with plenty of water. Larger amounts should be absorbed appropriately or pumped into containers for proper disposal by incineration or biological degradation in a sewage water treatment plant. 

Because this reaction is highly exothermic, the equiUbrium flame temperature for the adiabatic reaction with stoichiometric proportions of hydrogen and chlorine can reach temperatures up to 2490°C where the equiUbrium mixture contains 4.2% free chlorine by volume. This free hydrogen and chlorine is completely converted by rapidly cooling the reaction mixture to 200°C. Thus, by properly controlling the feed gas mixture, a burner gas containing over 99% HCl can be produced. The gas formed in the combustion chamber then flows through an absorber/cooler to produce 30—32% acid. The HCl produced by this process is known as burner acid. 

Draperies. Draperies of light weight or open-weave fabrics are ineffective for sound-absorbing purposes. Heavy draperies, such as flannel and velour, can provide useful sound absorption if properly installed. For best results they should be hung with 100% fullness, ie, 2 nC for every nC of wall or window surface covered. The sound-absorbing properties also are affected by the amount of space between the draperies and the surface behind them. 

Phosphors usually contain activator ions in addition to the host material. These ions are dehberately added in the proper proportion during the synthesis. The activators and their surrounding ions form the active optical centers. Table 1 Hsts some commonly used activator ions. Some soflds, made up of complexes such as calcium tungstate [7790-75-2] CaWO, are self-activated. Also in many photolurninescence phosphors, the primary activator does not efficiently absorb the exciting radiation and a second impurity ion is introduced known as the sensitizer. The sensitizer, which is an activator ion itself, absorbs the exciting radiation and transfers this energy to the primary activator. 

Several additional terms related to the absorption of x-radiation require definition energy of a x-ray photon is properly represented in joules but more conveniently reported in eV fluence is the sum of the energy in a unit area intensity or flux is the fluence per unit time and the exposure is a measure of the number of ions produced in a mass of gas. The unit of exposure in medicine is the Rn ntgen, R, defined as the quantity of radiation required to produce 2.58 x C/kg of air. The absorbed dose for a tissue is a measure of energy dissipated per unit mass. The measure of absorbed dose most... 

Mercury vapor discharge from vents of reactors or storage tanks at normal atmospheric pressure is controlled readily by means of activated carbon. Standard units (208-L (55-gal) dmms) of activated carbon equipped with proper inlet and outlet nozzles can be attached to each vent. To minimize the load on the carbon-absorbing device, a small water-cooled condenser is placed between the vent and the absorber. 

Ozone can be analyzed by titrimetry, direct and colorimetric spectrometry, amperometry, oxidation—reduction potential (ORP), chemiluminescence, calorimetry, thermal conductivity, and isothermal pressure change on decomposition. The last three methods ate not frequently employed. Proper measurement of ozone in water requites an awareness of its reactivity, instabiUty, volatility, and the potential effect of interfering substances. To eliminate interferences, ozone sometimes is sparged out of solution by using an inert gas for analysis in the gas phase or on reabsorption in a clean solution. Historically, the most common analytical procedure has been the iodometric method in which gaseous ozone is absorbed by aqueous KI. 

Paper absorbency is important for proper ink drying. A paper s surface should allow the ink vehicle to penetrate at the proper rate to achieve proper setting of the ink. If the surface is too absorbent, it causes low ink holdout and loss of gloss. If it is not absorbent enough, it causes ink to transfer to other sheets in a stack, or sheets to stick together. 

Ingestion of small amounts of tetrachloroethylene is not likely to cause permanent injury however, ingestion of large amounts may result in serious injury or even death. AH containers should be properly labeled. If solvent is swaHowed, consult a physician immediately. Do not induce vomiting. If solvent is aspirated it is rapidly absorbed through the lungs and may cause systemic effects and chemical pneumonia. 

In order to develop the dyes for these fields, characteristics of known dyes have been re-examined, and some anthraquinone dyes have been found usable. One example of use is in thermal-transfer recording where the sublimation properties of disperse dyes are appHed. Anthraquinone compounds have also been found to be usehil dichroic dyes for guest-host Hquid crystal displays when the substituents are properly selected to have high order parameters. These dichroic dyes can be used for polarizer films of LCD systems as well. Anthraquinone derivatives that absorb in the near-infrared region have also been discovered, which may be appHcable in semiconductor laser recording. 

The electrical-insulating and dielectric properties of the pure EPM/EPDM are excellent, but in compounds they are also strongly dependent on the proper choice of fillers. The electrical properties of vulcanizates are also good at high temperatures and after heat-aging. Because EPM/EPDM vulcanizates absorb Htde moisture, their good electrical properties suffer minimally when they are submerged in water. 

Control of an evaporator requires more than proper instrumentation. Operator logs snould reflect changes in basic characteristics, as by use of pseuao heat-transfer coefficients, which can detect obstructions to heat flow, hence to capacity. These are merely the ratio of any convenient measure of heat flow to the temperature drop across each effect. Dilution by wash and seal water should be monitored since it absorbs evaporative capacity. Detailed tests, routine measurements, and operating problems are covered more fuUy in Testing Procedure for Evaporators (loc. cit.) and by Standiford [Chem. Eng. Prog., 58(11), 80 (1962)]. 

When chemical equilibrium is achieved qiiickly throughout the liquid phase (or can be assumed to exist), the problem becomes one of properly defining the physical and chemical equilibria for the system. It sometimes is possible to design a plate-type absorber by assuming chemical-equilibrium relationships in conjunction with a stage efficiency factor as is done in distillation calculations. Rivas and Prausnitz [Am. Tn.st. Chem. Eng. J., 25, 975 (1979)] have presented an excellent discussion and example of the correct procedures to be followed for systems involving chemical equihbria. 

---