Abatement

Noise abatement Noise attenuation Noise insulatois... 

If regulations governing specific emission limit VOC concentrations to the low ppm range then, of course, vapor fractions such as those illustrated by the above tabulation will not be acceptable. It may, however, still be justified to consider VOC condensation as a precursor to a final abatement device such as an adsorption bed. Removing most of the solvent from a vent stream by condensation, can drastically reduce the size and cost of a downstream cleanup system. 

Regardless of the techniques used to purify the KA oil, several waste streams are generated during the overall oxidation—separation processes and must be disposed of. The spent oxidation gas stream must be scmbbed to remove residual cyclohexane, but afterwards will stiU contain CO, CO2, and volatile hydrocarbons (especially propane, butane, and pentane). This gas stream is either burned and the energy recovered, or it is catalyticaHy abated. 

Applications. Both industrial emissions reduction and indoor air-poUution abatement uses will grow. For example, the development of adsorbents with higher capacity for removal of radon from humid air could allow the development of a one-bed, delay-for-decay system in which radon adsorbs, decays to lead, and is precipitated onto the adsorbent. 

Since SO2 and NO2 are criteria pollutants, their emissions are regulated. In addition, for the purposes of abating acid deposition in the United States, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require that nationwide SO2 and NO emissions be reduced by approximately 10 million and 2 million t/yr, respectively, by the year 2000. Reasons for these reductions are based on concerns which include acidification of lakes and streams, acidification of poorly buffered soils, and acid damage to materials. An additional major concern is that acid deposition is contributing to the die-back of forests at high elevations in the eastern United States and in Europe. 

J. W. Jones, "Estimating Performance and Costs of Retrofit SO2 and NO Controls for Acid Raia Abatement," MGS ExtendedA.bstract Preprint ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry Meeting (June 5—11, 1988, Toronto, Ontario). 

Pollution Abatement and Conservation of Energy Review for Munitions Plant Modemi tion, TR 2210, PTA, Dover, N.J., 1976. 

The abatement of fluorine emissions and disposal of by-product calcium sulfate from phosphoric acid plants are environmental concerns. 

E. D. Spinosa, P. M. Stephan, and J. R. Schorr, Review of Literature on Control Technology which Abates Air Pollution and Conserves Energy in Glass Melting... 

Oxides of nitrogen, NO, can also form. These are generally at low levels and too low an oxidation state to consider water scmbbing. A basic reagent picks up the NO2, but not the lower oxidation states the principal oxide is usually NO, not NO2. Generally, control of NO is achieved by control of the combustion process to minimize NO, ie, avoidance of high temperatures in combination with high oxidant concentrations, and if abatement is required, various approaches specific to NO have been employed. Examples are NH injection and catalytic abatement (43). 

J. J. Breen and C. R. Stroup, eds., EeadPoisoning Exposure, Abatement, Regulation, Lewis Pubhshers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1995. 

Eig. 1. Monopressure process using catalytic NO abatement, where BEW = boiler feed water, CH = high level compression, CM = medium level compression, CW = cooling water, and D = makeup driver, EX = expander, and E = filter. 

Fig. 2. Dual-pressure process using extended absorption for NO abatement. RC = refrigerated cooling see Figure 1 for other definitions.

NO Abatement. Source performance standards for nitric acid plants in the United States were introduced by the U.S. EPA in 1971 (55). These imposed a discharge limit of 1.5 kg of NO as equivalent nitrogen dioxide per 1000 kg of contained nitric acid, which corresponds to about 200—230... 

In an economic comparison of these three common abatement systems, a 1991 EPA study (58) indicates extended absorption to be the most cost-effective method for NO removal, with selective reduction only matching its performance for small-capacity plants of about 200—250 t/d. Nonselective abatement systems were indicated to be the least cost-effective method of abatement. The results of any comparison depend on the cost of capital versus variable operating costs. A low capital cost for SCR is offset by the ammonia required to remove the NO. Higher tail gas NO... 

Process Licensors. Some of the well-known nitric acid technology licensors are fisted in Table 3. Espindesa, Grande Paroisse, Humphreys and Glasgow, Rhfyne Poulenc, Uhde, and Weatherly are all reported to be licensors of weak acid technology. Most weak acid plant licensors offer extended absorption for NO abatement. Espindesa, Rhfyne Poulenc, Weatherly, and Uhde are also reported (53,57) to offer selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. 

Plant layout and noise suppression material are two general noise abatement methods. Plant layout does not affect noise levels at any given point however, noise can be abated by screening off a section of the plant. An example of this is to orient cooling towers with their closed faces toward the critical location. This method must also consider wind direction to balance air draft. Tankage can be located to act as a noise screen. 

Several states that have a large number of CPI plants offer various types of tax incentives. Louisiana, for instance, offers a 10-yr tax exemption from property taxes on buildings, equipment, and improvements to land (2). Texas, which has a large petrochemical industry, offers a 7-yr tax abatement program. Neither of these states have a state income tax. Both states offer a tax credit for each job created and provide free worker training. 

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