Specific Approaches

Below we will highlight some of the therapeutic approaches in research and development. Due to the vast amount of literature and information available, this is by no means intended to be a comprehensive review but it will highlight key areas under investigation, especially those that have entered clinical trials. 

The details of using SAR to manipulate the structure to design safer aromatic 

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The certainty factor approach has been among the more popular rule-based approaches to uncertainty. However, although it is easy to apply given the individual CFs, acquiring the raw CFs from the experts is often quite difficult. Further, although the formulas for CF combination are mathematically appealing, they often have no relation to the ways in which experts combine evidence to arrive at conclusions. Some of the task-specific approaches discussed later address uncertainty combination in a more intuitive way (35). 

Facility-specific approaches to implementing PSM make sense if you have determined significant variations among Icxations in one or more of the following areas ... 

As previously noted, cility-specific approaches tend not to succeed where the overall current status of PSM is poor. Local staff will not have the necessary knowledge or experience of safety management to develop and implement a program without considerable outside assistance. Even if you have identified significant variations, if your team decides that overail PSM performance is low you should consider a companywide strategy rather than a facility-specific approach. 

Where individual facilities have strong programs in specific aspects of PSM, a facility-specific approach may involve identifying "best practice" programs and facilitating cross-communication among locations. 

Facility or division-specific approach. A facility or division-specific approach can provide very rapid integration and allow the systems, programs and elements to be adapted to meet local needs. However, the differences between locations will limit the value of sharing experience and knowledge. You are most likely to adopt a facility-specific approach if there are significant differences in ... 

Linear response function approaches were introduced into the chemistry literature about thirty years ago Ref. [1,2]. At that time they were referred to as Green functions or propagator approaches. Soon after the introduction it became apparent that they offered a viable and attractive alternative to the state specific approaches for obtaining molecular properties as excitation energies, transition moments and second order molecular properties. 

Apart from offering a new and highly specific approach to the inhibition of herpesviruses, this new mechanism of action could potentially also have beneficial immunological consequences. During treatment with BAY 38-4766, viral protein synthesis continues, but due to the lack of monomeric genomic length DNA, only empty particles (dense bodies) can be formed. It is conceivable that these non-infections viral particles could aid the establishment of an antiviral immune response, leading to better control of the virus by the host. This mechanism appears... 

The sensitivity and specificity of DWI depend to some extent on the technique being used and the amount of imaging time that can be dedicated to the DWI sequence. DWI pulse sequences typically require between approximately 30 seconds and 4 minutes of imaging time to image the entire brain and achieve sensitivity and specificity approaching 100% (Fig. 2.2). The rare infarcts that are not apparent on DWI are usually very small and are often located in the brainstem. 

Plainly, instinct plays a significant part in conducting this method, personal experience playing an important role and each substance requiring a specific approach. 

The laboratory of the European Pharmacopoeia applies the method specific approach (inter-laboratory study) as has been previously described (Technical Guide for the Elaboration of Monographs 1996). 

The therapeutic goal in autoimmune diseases such as RA is to control disease, to establish remission, and eventually to cure. In theory, this goal can be achieved using either Ag-specific approaches, for example, elimination of self-reactive T cells (assuming that a finite number of key Ags can be identified as the target of the autoimmune process in RA), or the non-Ag-specific approaches, for example, blockade of cytokines as in the case of TNF-a neutralization. Currently, only the latter types of approaches have yielded clinical benefit, and it is in this category that approaches to block chemokines or receptors may be included. Despite their appeal in terms of effectiveness, non-Ag-specific approaches carry a higher risk of immunosuppression and opportunistic infections (48). 

From the preceding sections, it is clear that chemokines are important players in atherosclerotic disease and, as such, are being considered as possible targets in the treatment of this prevalent inflammatory condition. Under consideration at this time are both traditional nonspecific therapies [e.g., 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, fibrates, etc.], as well as chemokine specific approaches (142). 

A specific approach for the measurement of base damage to DNA involves the hydrolysis of DNA into monomeric units. Acidic hydrolysis leads to the release of bases while enzymatic treatment yields nucleosides. The resulting mixture of lesions together with the overwhelming presence of normal bases or nucleosides is resolved by chromatography. The targeted damage is then quantified by use of specific detection systems. 

Rehman, A. and Jasmer, D.P. (1999) A tissue specific approach for analysis of membrane and secreted proteins from Haemonchus contortus gut and its application to diverse nematode species. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 97, 55-68. 

Direct test particle methods are expected to be inefficient, compared to other possibilities, for molecular systems described with moderate realism. Successful placements of a test particle may be complicated, and placements with favorable Boltzmann factor scores may be rare. Fortunately, the tools noted above are generally available to design more-specific approaches for realistic cases. 

The combined features of structural adaptation in a specific hybrid nanospace and of a dynamic supramolecular selection process make the dynamic-site membranes, presented in the third part, of general interest for the development of a specific approach toward nanomembranes of increasing structural selectivity. From the conceptual point of view these membranes express a synergistic adaptative behavior the addition of the most suitable alkali ion drives a constitutional evolution of the membrane toward the selection and amplification of a specific transport crown-ether superstructure in the presence of the solute that promoted its generation in the first place. It embodies a constitutional selfreorganization (self-adaptation) of the membrane configuration producing an adaptative response in the presence of its solute. This is the first example of dynamic smart membranes where a solute induces the preparation of its own selective membrane. 

Stott, A. W., Evershed, R. P. and Tuross, N. (1997b) compound specific approach to the 813C analysis of cholesterol in fossil bones. Organic Geochemistry 26, 99 103. 

A mixed-integer linear programming approximation can be derived following a problem specific approach. 

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