Cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc by ETAAS

1 Cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc by ETAAS 

ETAAS is primarily used for samples that have been pre-concentrated and separated from major ions (see Section 12.1.2). In the literature, various techniques have been described by Boyle and Edmond (1977) Smith and Windom (1980) Sturgeon et al. (1981), Bruland et al. (1985) Hartmann et al. (1989) or Van Geen and Boyle (1990). The method ontlined here is a procedure modified from Danielsson et al. (1978) and Bruland et al. (1979). It pro- 

For effective extraction of a metal ion from the aqueous (Maq) into the organic phase (Morg) it is necessary to form, usually by chelate reaction, non-polar complexes. If organic solvents, inmiscible with water, are mixed with seawater solution, then the distribution ratio (D) of the metal species is given by  

The final distribution (D) is a function of the nature and concentration of the chelating reagent, the character of the organic solvent and, most importantly, the pH of the aqueous phase. 

The most frequently applied chelating agents are pyrrolidine derivatives of dithiocarba-S 

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