Yellow fever vector

F. F. Dube et al. Fresh, dried or smoked Repellent properties of volatiles emitted from ethnomedicinal plant leaves against malaria and yellow fever vectors in Ethiopia. Malar J, 10, 375, 2011. 

For those infectious diseases that are transmitted to humans via insect vectors the onset and decline phases of epidemics are rarely observed other than as a reflections of the seasonal variation in the prevalence of the insect. Rather, the disease is endemic within the population group and has a steady incidence of new cases. Diseases such as these are generally controlled by public health measures and environmental control of the vector with vaccination and immunization being deployed to protect individuals (e.g. yellow fever vaccination). 

The Aedes aegypti (Diptera Culicidae) mosquito is the primary vector in transmitting dengue and yellow fever. Insecticide use has been the primary method of control of this and other mosquitoe species. Piperine [(T,. S )- -piperoyl-piperidine], is the major constituent in Piper nigrum... 

The name of Dr Walter Reed is synonymous with self-experimentation. He was at the head of an American military medical team that went to Cuba in 1900 and proved through daring human experiments that mosquitoes were the vectors that transmitted yellow fever (now known to be a virus). However, in reality, the team actually confirmed findings made almost a century earlier by another self-experimenter that yellow fever was not a contagious disease. In 1800, an American, Dr Issac Cathrall, repeatedly placed black vomit from several yellow fever patients to his lips and tasted it. (Black vomit occurs in yellow fever victims by virtue of bleeding in their stomachs, and is subsequently expelled.) He did not become infected. A physician named Ffirth went five steps further in 1802, when he (1) inserted black vomit into his forearm (2) dropped black vomit into his eye (3) boiled black vomit and inhaled the gas and steam (4) swallowed black vomit taken directly from a patient and (5) prepared pills made from black vomit. 

There is no vaccine for WNV but the first clinical trial of a chimeric vaccine, which contains genes from two different viruses, both WNV and yellow fever, is underway. Emphasis has been placed on prevention efforts that focus on vector source reduction, that is the alteration or elimination of mosquito larval habitat breeding grounds, such as the following ... 

Mosquitoes, are the most notorious carriers, or vectors, of disease and parasites. Female mosquitoes rely on warm-blooded hosts to serve as a blood meal to nourish their eggs. During the process of penetrating a host s skin with their long, sucking mouth parts, saliva from the mosquito is transferred into the bite area. Any viral, protozoan, or helminth infections carried in the biting mosquito can be transferred directly into the blood stream of its host. Among these are malaria, yellow fever, W. bancrofti (filariasis and elephantiasis), and D. immitis (heartworm). 

Another insect that is commonly used in the evaluation of the biocidal activities of triorganotins is the mosquito. Mosquitoes are one of the most important blood-sucking arthropods in the world. They are not only annoying, but are responsible for the transmission of various diseases. For example, certain species of Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of yellow fever, dengue, and other pathogenic viruses, while mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles are vectors of malaria. A third group is the Culex mosquitoes, which are important in the transmission of West Nile virus. 

Yellow Fever C (virus) Zoonosis—primarily vector-borne... 

Hayes (5) has also reviewed the contribution of pesticides to the control of human diseases spread by arthropods and other vectors. Outbreaks of malaria, louse-borne typhus, plague, and urban yellow fever, four of the most important epidemic diseases of history, have been controlled by use of the organochlorine insecticides, especially DDT. In fact, the single most significant benefit from pesticides has been the protection from malaria. Today malaria eradication is an accomplished fact for 619 million people who live in areas once malarious. Where eradication has been achieved it has stood the test of time. An additional 334 million people live in areas where transmission of the parasite is no longer a major problem. Thus, about 1 billion people, or approximately one-fourth of the population of the world, no longer live under the threat of malaria. 

Dr Needham remains convinced that the United States did indeed wage biological warfare in Korea. Mostly it was experimental work, as far as we could see, he said in Cambridge nearly thirty years later.23 Needham believed that Korea had been used for experiments with vectors , insects like the yellow fever-carrying mosquito, capable of transmitting disease from one body to another. The experiments didn t seem to be very successful , he said, but we were unanimous in our conclusions . 

There was a great deal of interest in vectors , or the transmission of disease by insects. Mosquitoes were an attractive proposition, since many species carry disease, and all pass the disease on by injecting their victim. A soldier in a gas mask has no protection. Of particular interest was the species Aedes aegypti, known as the yellow fever mosquito . In 1801 it destroyed an entire army sent by... 

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