Mosquito bite

The plasmodium causing malaria must enter the mosquito to develop, reproduce, and be transmitted. When the mosquito bites a person infected with malaria, it ingests the male and female forms (gametocy tes) of the plasmodium. The gametocytes mate in the mosquito s... 

Antimalarial dragp interfere with, or are active against, die life cycle of die plasmodium, primarily when it is present in the red blood cells. Destruction at this stage of die plasmodium life cycle prevents die development of die male and female forms of the plasmodium. This in turn keeps die mosquito (when die mosquito bites an infected individual) from ingesting the male and female forms of the plasmodium, thus effectively ending die plasmodium life cycle (Pig. 16-1). 

Flaviviruses Yeiiow fever virus Spherical particles 40 nm in diameter with an inner core surrounded by an adherent lipid envelope The virus is spread to humans by mosquito bites the liver is the main target necrosis of hepatocytes leads to jaundice and fever... 

The pharmacist will, from time to time, be called upon to examine an eruption or condition and make recommendation for treatment. If and only if the condition is unmistakable in origin, delimited in area, and of modest intensity should the pharmacist recommend an over-the-counter remedy for its symptomatic relief. Physicians neither need nor want to see inconsequential cuts, abrasions, or mosquito bites or unremarkable cases of chapped skin, sunburn, or poison ivy eruption, and so on. However, if infection is present and at all deep-seated or if expansive areas of the body are involved, otherwise minor problems can pose a serious threat and physician referral is mandatory. Patients should also be directed to counsel with a physician whenever the origins of a skin problem are in question. 

Insects Mosquito bite, bee sting, ticks, mites... 

Normal routes of exposure Ingestion Abraded skin Mucous membranes Vectors (mosquitoes biting flies). 

Bite reduction rate was calculated using the following formula in view of the nightly fluctuation in mosquito biting pressure ... 

Lucas JR, Shono Y, Iwasaki T, Ishiwatari T, Spero N, Benzon G (2007) U.S. Laboratory and field trials of metofluthrin (SumiOne ) emanators for reducing mosquito biting outdoors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 23(l) 47-54... 

Routes of Entry to the Body Inhalation of aerosol, mosquito bites, crushing an infected mosquito, or at the slaughter of viremic livestock. 

Venezuelan Inhalation, mosquito bite Incubation period 4-21 days There is no specific antiviral treatment... 

Many hunters react to their prey s overall scent or some of its components, perhaps the smell of fur or some less complex odor. One of the world s most injurious insects, the African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae), prefers humans to other sources of a blood meal. Oddly, whenever possible the mosquitoes bite people on their feet. This predilection reflects their strong attraction to the mixture of fatty acids that we associate with smelly feet. Humans may find the odor offensive, but these mosquitoes know it as a fragrant guide to blood. The same fatty acids also draw them to another odor that offends some people, the smell of Limburger cheese. 

The protozoan parasite Plasmodium is responsible for the disease. It lives within stomach and salivary glands of the Anopheles mosquito and is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. The parasites move through the bloodstream to the liver, where they proliferate during an incubation stage... 

Patients taking mefloquine as prophylaxis against malaria should be advised to take the medication regularly and to avoid mosquito bites. Dizziness may be caused by mefloquine and patients should be informed about this side-effect. 

Prophylaxis for malaria includes the administration of antimalarial tablets and protection against mosquito bites but does not include any vaccinations. Hepatitis C is a viral infection and no vaccine is available. Hepatitis B is a viral infection and prophylaxis is provided by a vaccine. 

Q17 A patient comes to the pharmacy with mosquito bites. Which of the following preparations would be most suitable ... 

The application of a mild topical corticosteroid, such as hydrocortisone, is effective in patients presenting with multiple mosquito bites. Paracetamol, which is an antipyretic agent is not indicated in mosquito bites. Fusidic acid cream is an anti-infective agent and is indicated if the mosquito bites have been scratched and there is risk of infection. Benzocaine (anaesthetic) and mepyramine (antihistamine) may relieve itchiness but are less effective in multiple mosquito bites than hydrocortisone. 

Protection from mosquito bites (net, skin-covering clothes, etc.) is a very important prophylactic measure. 

Only two weeks after this letter appeared, Lord Carnarvon, the financial backer of the expedition, died from a mosquito bite that had become infected after being nicked with a razor by a barber. The unlikely circumstances that led to Carnarvon s death following so quickly after the publication of Corelli s letter seemed to affirm the accuracy of her claim. The newspapers seized on the story and the "curse of Tutankhamun" was repeated so often people started to accept it as a fact. 

Malaria—Disease caused by a single-celled parasite that infects a human through a mosquito bite. 

Quinine—Chemical taken from the bark of the cinchona tree and used to treat fevers and to prevent malaria, an infection of a single-celled organism through a mosquito bite. 

When patients are counseled on the prevention of malaria, it is imperative to emphasize measures to prevent mosquito bites (eg, with insect repellents, insecticides, and bed nets), because parasites are increasingly resistant to multiple drugs and no... 

Most of the sensors implanted in the subcutaneous tissue are 200-250 jam (33-31 ga) in diameter. They are usually implanted using a guide cannula whose outside diameter is 21-23 ga (813-635 jam). This insertion process will cause some tissue injury including breaking of capillaries. Experience in our laboratories has shown, however, that the damage is very slight and an edema around the implant, typically the size of a mosquito bite, disappears after about 24 h. 

Tires are breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Besides the major nuisance of mosquito bites, mosquitoes can spread several serious diseases. 

Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyum, Y., Komalamisra, N. and Apiwathnasorn, C. (2005) Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Phytotherapy Research 1 9, 303-309. 

When an infected mosquito bites, it injects Plasmodium sporozoites Red ce s containina... 

Personal protection measures to prevent mosquito bites are actively used by householders. In many developed and medium-income countries in the Region, the use of household insecticide products constituted a major component of the total public health use of pesticides. The mosquito coil is used widely, followed by mats, aerosols and liquid vaporizers. The use of mosquito coils has increased every year from 1995 to 1997 China is the major user. Data indicate that the biggest market for household insecticide products is China, where in 1998 more than 10000 million units of household insecticide products were used. 

In midsummer in the Tver region, as in many parts of Russia, blueberries are the currency of daily life. Although berries are not generally sold in local stores, they are nonetheless widely available and strikingly visible throughout the city. Aside from a few mosquito bites and the minimal cost of a train ticket, berry picking is a relatively inexpensive activity, especially for retirees with few demands on their time. Consequently, it is not uncommon for local residents to hop on the train for a quick trip to the... 

At present, there is no vaccine to protect against dengue. The most effective method of prevention is to eliminate the mosquito that causes the disease. This requires removal of the mosquito breeding sites, a process known as source reduction. Proper disposal of solid waste helps to reduce the collection of water in discarded articles. Other control measures include preventing mosquito bites with screens, protective clothing, and insect repellents in epidemic risk areas, application of insecticide is practiced through an application method known as fogging to decrease the mosquito population. 

---