Y?2-receptors

Redrobe JP, Dumont Y, Fournier A, Quirion R (2002a) The neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor subtype mediates NPY-induced antidepressant-like activity in the mouse forced swimming test. Neiuopsychopharmacology 26 615-624 Redrobe JP, Dmnont Y, Quirion R (2002b) Neiuopeptide Y (NPY) and depression From animal studies to the hmnan condition. Life Sci 71 2921-2937 Redrobe JP, Dmnont Y, Herzog H, Quirion R (2003) Neiuopeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors mediate behaviour in two animal models of anxiety evidence from Y 2 receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 141 251-255... 

Schmidt P, Berger C, Scheidt HA, Bemdt S, Bunge A, Beck-Sickinger AG, Huster D (2010) A reconstitution protocol for the in vitro folded human G protein-coupled Y-2 receptor into lipid environment. Biophys Chem 150 29-36... 

FK-506 (37) interferes with IL-2 synthesis and release and has a cyclosporin-like profile, but is considerably more potent in vitro. IC q values are approximately 100-fold lower. This neutral macroHde suppresses the mixed lymphocyte reaction T-ceU proliferation generation of cytotoxic T-ceUs production of T-ceU derived soluble mediators, such as IL-2, IL-3, and y-IFN and IL-2 receptor expression (83). StmcturaHy, FK-506 is similar to sirolimus. Mycophenolate mofetil (33), brequinar (34), and deoxyspergualin are in various phases of clinical evaluation. Identification of therapeutic efficacy and safety are important factors in the deterrnination of their utiUty as immunosuppressive agents. 

FIGURE 3.12 Dependence of constitutive receptor activity as ordinates (expressed as a percent of the maximal response to a full agonist for each receptor) versus magnitude of receptor expression (expressed as the amount of human cDNA used for transient transfection, logarithmic scale) in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Data shown for human chemokine CCR5 receptors (open circles), chemokine CXCR receptors (filled triangles), neuropeptide Y type 1 receptors (filled diamonds), neuropeptide Y type 2 receptors (open squares), and neuropeptide Y type 4 receptors (open inverted triangles). Data recalculated and redrawn from [27],... 

Cytokine receptors, most notably the IL-2 receptor a subunit. (The T-lymphocytes appear to constitutively express the P and y IL-2 receptor polypeptides. Induction of the a gene leads to formation of a high-affinity apy receptor complex, thereby rendering the activated T cell highly sensitive to IL-2.)... 

A third biological activity of IL-2 pertinent to immunostimulation is its ability to promote the growth of NK cells. It also promotes further differentiation of NK cells, forming lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, which exhibit an enhanced ability to kill tumour cells or virally infected cells directly. NK cells express the P and y IL-2 receptor subunits only thus, their stimulation by IL-2 requires elevated concentrations of this cytokine. NK cells are also activated by a variety of additional cytokines, including all interferons and TNF. 

Zoukos, Y. et al., Increased expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors and p-adrenocep-tors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with clinical and MRI activity in multiple sclerosis, Brain, 111, 307, 1994. 

Diamantstein, T. et al, Reversal by interferon-y of inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity induction by anti-CD4 or anti-interleukin 2 receptor (CD25) monoclonal antibodies. Evidence for the physiological role of the CD4+Thl+ subset in mice. Eur. J. Immunol., 181, 2101, 1988. 

Shirasawa M, Fujiwara N, Hirabayashi S, Ohno H, Iida J, Makita K, Hata Y (2004) Receptor for advanced glycation end-products is a marker of type I lung alveolar cells. Genes Cells 9(2) 165-174... 

Lehtonen, J.Y.A., Horiuchi, M., Daviet, L., AMshita, M. and Dzau, V.J., 1999, Activation of the de novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids mediates angiotensin 11 type 2 receptor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 274 16901-16906. 

Nagano T, Sato M, Mori Y, Du Y, Takagi H, et al. 1995. Regional distribution of messenger RNA encoding in the insulin-like growth factor type 2 receptor in the rat lower brainstem. Mol Brain Res 32 14-24. 

Xiang XN, Wang HL, Wu WR, Cao DV, Wang HS, Zhao Y (2006) Ethological analysis of scopolamine pretreatment in morphine dependent rats. Physiol Behav 88 183-90 Yasuda K, Suemaru K, Araki H, Gomita Y (2002) Effect of nicotine cessation on the central serotonergic systems in mice involvement of 5-HT(2) receptors. Naunyn Schmiedbergs Arch Pharmacol 366 276-281... 

Nishimura, H., Tokuyama, K., Inoue, Y., et al. (2001) Acute effects of prostaglandin D-2 to induce airflow obstruction and airway microvascular leakage in guinea pigs role of thromboxane A(2) receptors. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Medial. 66, 1-15. 

Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Quentric Y, Touzard M, Verriele L, Carpentier N, Millan MJ. (2002) Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. 111. Agonist and antagonist properties at serotonin, 5-HT(l) and 5-HT(2), receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303 815-822. 

X-Linked severe combined immunodeficiency Mutation in gene coding for y chain of IL-2 receptor. 

The IL-4 receptor consists of at least two polypeptides. An 800 amino acid a-chain, which is heavily glycosylated (also known as pl40), is primarily responsible for binding IL-4. The second chain is y(c) which, as discussed earlier, is also a constituent of the IL-2 receptor. The molecular details underlining signal transduction remain to be characterized in detail, although both... 

Hsu SY, Hsueh AJW (2001) Human stresscopin and stresscopinn-related peptide are selective ligands for the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 2 receptor. Nat Med 7 605-611 lino K, Sasano H, Oki Y, Andoh N, Shin RW, Kitamoto T, Takahashi K, Suzuki H, Tezuka F, Yoshimi T, Nagura H (1999) Urocortin expression in the human central nervous system. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50 107-114... 

J. Mukherjee, Z.Y. Yang, M.K. Das, T. Brown, Fluorinated benzamide neuroleptics-lll. Development of (S)-N-[(1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-[ F]fluoropropyl)-2,3-dime-thoxybenzamide as an improved dopamine D-2 receptor tracer, Nucl. Med. Biol. 22 (1995) 283-296. 

Masellis, M., Basile, V., Meltzer, H.Y., Lieberman, J.A., Sevy, S., Macciardi, EM., Cola, P., Howard, A., Badri, E, Nothen, M.M., Kalow, W., and Kennedy, J.L. (1998) Serotonin subtype 2 receptor genes and clinical response to clozapine in schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 19 123-132. 

The IL-2 receptor occurs in three forms with different affinities for IL-2 the three distinct subunits are the a, (3 and y chains. The monomeric IL-2Ra possesses low affinity, the dimeric IL-2R(3y has intermediate affinity and the trimeric IL-2R (3y has high affinity (Table 2.2). The a chain is not expressed on resting T cells but... 

IL-4 mediates its effects via specific IL-4 receptors that are expressed on a number of tissues including hematopoietic cells, endothelium, hepatocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons and muscles. The receptor is composed of an a chain, which is the high-affinity receptor, but its signaling requires a second chain, a y chain (yC), which is also a component of IL-2 receptors. However, the presence of a y chain does not significantly increase the affinity of the receptor complex for IL-4. IL-4 causes the heterodimerization of the a chain with the y chain, resulting in IL-4 receptor-dependent signaling pathway. As is the case with other cytokines,... 

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