Woven textile substrate

The woven textile substrate consisted of three pieces of cotton/polyester fabric (5 cm X 5 cm), which were cut from the main fabric. Additionally, two pieces of a hot melt adhesive interlining with the same dimensions as the fabric were used to laminate the three fabric layers together. Before laminating with the interlining, three yam electrodes from the same type of yam, approximately 6 cm in length, were sewn into the surface fabric. The yam electrodes were sewn close to each other in a center region of the device as illustrated in Fig. 20.1. 

FBAs can also be estimated quantitatively by fluorescence spectroscopy, which is much more sensitive than the ultraviolet method but tends to be prone to error and is less convenient to use. Small quantities of impurities may lead to serious distortions of both emission and excitation spectra. Indeed, a comparison of ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra can yield useful information on the purity of an FBA. Different samples of an analytically pure FBA will show identical absorption and excitation spectra. Nevertheless, an on-line fluorescence spectroscopic method of analysis has been developed for the quantitative estimation of FBAs and other fluorescent additives present on a textile substrate. The procedure was demonstrated by measuring the fluorescence intensity at various excitation wavelengths of moving nylon woven fabrics treated with various concentrations of an FBA and an anionic sizing agent. It is possible to detect remarkably small differences in concentrations of the absorbed materials present [67]. 

Coated and laminated textiles usually consist of a textile substrate, which will typically be a woven, knitted or nonwoven fabric, combined with a thin, flexible fdm composed of a natural or synthetic polymeric substance. A coated fabric is one in which the textile substrate has a polymer film applied directly to one or both surfaces as a viscous liquid in a solvent or water, the thickness of which is controlled by application via a blade or similar aperture. A transfer coated fabric is an intermediate product in which a thermoplastic film is first prepared on a release paper prior to thermally bonding to the textile substrate. A laminated fabric usually consists of one or more textile substrates that are combined with a pre-prepared polymer film or membrane by adhesives or heat and pressure (Hall, 2000). 

Figure 2.6 A textile-based heat flux sensor comprising a thermoelectric wire woven into a textile substrate.

As mentioned previously, textile substrate properties, ie, structure, thickness, and material, influence heat and mass transfers through this material. Thus, a great deal of research [30,53,54] was carried out using different parameters in order to understand the impact of the textile substrate on transfer properties. In this study, we were especially interested in the effect of the textile material and woven structure. Therefore, two different materials and three types of woven structures were studied. 

Bhattacharya et al. [12] produced a textile battery based on a jacquard woven fabric as textile substrate. The textile base is woven with inclusion of three silver-coated... 

Ex. 4. American Cyanamid supplies 10 Cyanabond textile adhesives which are described as nontoxic, water-based, 30 or 40% solids, prereacted, polyurethane emulsions that provide highly durable bonds when applied to woven, knitted, or nonwoven fabrics. They have an acetic acid-type odor. They may be used on a wide variety of cellulosic and synthetic textile substrates. When applied by established processing techniques they form bonds of cloth-to-cloth and foam-to-fabric that... 

Fihn-forming polymers can be coated on a textile substrate to enhance its performance. For example, chitosan can be coated on to nonwoven fabrics to produce non-woven wound dressings with enhanced properties. In this method, chitosan is first dissolved in an acidic solution before the nonwoven fabric is immersed, and a layer of chitosan is formed on the nonwoven fabric by using the immersion-precipitation phase-inversion method. The chitosan-coated nonwoven wound dressing can control water loss due to evaporation, promote fluid drainage, and inhibit the invasion of exogenous microorganisms. 

Double-sided adhesive tapes or mounting tapes have been used to replace conventional attachment methods in a range of different end-use applications. They are used on a wide variety of surfaces, for example, as an assembly aid in the automotive industry, in graphic arts for plate mounting and in home and office uses that previously required mechanical fasteners (e.g. nails and screws). The central support substrate used includes non-wovens, textile fabrics, foams and other materials and in some cases, support-free mounting tapes are also available. Foam mounting tapes are especially useful because the foam provides stress distribution for increased shear strengths. 

The formulation of a carrier depends on four considerations (/) the carrier-active chemical compound (2) the emulsifier (J) special additives and (4) environmental concerns. Additional parameters to be considered in the formulation of a carrier product with satisfactory and repeatable performance arise from the equipment in which the dyeing operation is to be carried out. The choice of equipment is usually dictated by the form in which the fiber substrate is to be processed, eg, loose fiber, staple, continuous or texturized filament, woven or knot fabric, yam on packages or in skeins (see Textiles). 

Frictioning involves rubbing or wiping an elastomeric compound into a substrate of textile or metallic cords, which may or may not be held together by pick threads or fill yams, or the substrate may consist of a square woven fabric like hose ducks or belt ducks . 

The technique is very versatile and adaptable. Plastisols may be applied overall or—by means of engraved screens—can be printed in selected areas, in weights that can be varied between 30 g m-2 and more than 500 g m-2. Suitable substrates include paper, other non-woven materials, glass-fibre webs, and textiles. Water-based inks can be employed as coatings or in printed designs. For relief effects, expandable aqueous polyacrylate dispersions offer an alternative to expandable plastisol inks. They are dried and then expanded at 120°C, a temperature much lower than is required for vinyls with a multi-station machine, a wide variety of products can be made. 

Coated substrates involve different materials such as coated credit cards, paper, woven and nonwoven textiles, plastic or aluminum films and sheets, and roll coverings. Calender lines can process one coated side, both sides, or laminated (multiple substrates coated between each substrate). Calender with three rolls is usually sufficient for one-sided coating. However four rolls are used for extremely thin coatings. The 4-roll calender can be used for double-sided coating that is applied simultaneously on both sides. Specialized calendering equipment is used for certain products such as credit cards, floor tiles, and window curtains. 

Polymerization of pyrrole has also been carried out chemically by mixing the monomer with a homogeneous oxidant (Fe ) in solution. Mermillod et al [61] found that poly(pyrrole) synthesized in water by action of Fe ( 104)3 produces particles in solution as well as films on the reactor walls. The material was electrochemically identical with electropolymerized product. Gregory et al [62] chemically deposited very uniform films of poly(pyrrole) on textile fibres and woven glass cloth. Gottesfeld et al [63] found that chemically deposited films were uniform and could serve as a conducting substrate for metallization structures for microelectronic circuitry. Hillman et al [64] studied the electrodeposition of poly(vinylfer-rocene) with the quartz crystal microbalance. 

The activated carbon granules were coated in substrates (e.g., polyurethane foam and non-woven pads) for use as an interliner in the clothing system however, the coated polyurethane foam usually has low air and water vapour permeabihty, and it is reported that needle-punched fabrics coated with activated carbon have better thermal comfort properties. The coated activated carbon material is combined with other textile materials in permeable CPC to provide two main functions ... 

The substrate, for example a woven or nonwoven fabric, serves as support carrier to the end product, while the coating seals it. In the melt impregnation process, the polymer melt is extruded into a thin smooth film, laid down onto the substrate. The impregnation of the latter is achieved by pressure. The product is then cooled and wound up by a winder. An impermeable polymer film can also be formed between two textile fabrics. Besides sealing, the film also takes the role of an adhesive layer between the two fabrics. 

Top view of 3D woven E-textile antenna is shown in Eigure 9.6. Conductive patch of stainless steel and U-shaped slot are shown at the top. The challenge inherent to many advanced communication and navigation application is achieving wideband operation from a single antenna. One such antenna architecture that is capable of achieving the types of bandwidth required is the slotted patch antenna. This antenna used a thick substrate ( 1.5 cm) and the U-shaped slot to increase the bandwidth. 

Mattana, G., Kinkeldei, T., Leuenberger, D., Ataman, C., Ruan, J.J., Molina-Lopez, F., Vasquez Quintero, A., et al., 2013. Woven temperature and humidity sensors on flexible plastic substrates for e-textile apphcations. IEEE Sensors Journal 13 (10), 3901—3909. 

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