Multiple personality

Seltzer, A., Multiple personality A psychiatric misadventure. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 39(7), 442-445, 1994. 

Earl O Brien, brags that he began substituting his penis for my mothers s nipple soon after I was born. My multi generational incest-abused mother, Carol Tanis, did not protest his perverse actions due to (reportedly) having similar abuse as a child which caused her to acquire Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)." (16)... 

The Waller et al. taxonic results do not appear to reflect a sample selection factor. If the findings resulted from combining predefined groups (individuals with multiple personality disorder and nonclinical controls), base rate estimates should have been about. 50. The. 37 taxon base rate suggests... 

Carlson, E. B., Putnam, F. W., Ross, C. A., Torem, M., Coons, P., Dill, D., et al. (1993). Validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in screening for multiple personality disorder A multi-center study. American journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1030-1036. 

Putnam, F. (1989). Diagnosis and treatment of multiple personality disorder. New York Guilford Press. 

Dissociative identity Disorder (DID). There are numerous similarities between this dissociative illness, which includes multiple personality disorder, and BPD. Patients with both disorders are commonly victims of physical or sexual abuse as children and experience intense shifts in affect and periods of dissociation. Some clinicians in fact discount the validity of DID as a psychiatric diagnosis, contending that the phenomena of DID can be explained by BPD. In fact, severely ill BPD patients very much resemble the prototypical patient with DID. 

As with the determination of the intralaboratory repeatability, the intralaboratory reproducibility was determined by analyzing a cleaned sediment extract and a 3-pM 2,3,7,8TCDD standard on 10 separate days and by multiple persons. The reproducibility for the 3-pM 2,3,7,8-TCDD standard was found to be 13.8%, whereas the reproducibility for the cleaned sediment extraet was shown to be 19.9%. Since the observed reproducibilities are in the range of relative standard deviations for two sediment extracts analyzed in 10-fold on the same day (intralaboratory repeatability), the DR CALUX bioassay can be evaluated as a stable and robust bioanalytical tool. 

Psychotherapy, with emphasis on the strength of the therapeutic alliance, has been used more often than drugs for such patients, with hypnotherapy specifically used as an intervention for multiple personality (dissociative identity) disorder ( 303, 304). In The Netherlands, individual psychotherapy and adjunctive anxiolytic or antidepressant medications are the most widely endorsed treatment modalities (305). 

The distance between the radiation source and the PMMA slab surface is large enough so that the radiation field approximates an aligned and expanded field (ICRU, 1992). An anterior to posterior radiation condition is simulated. The central ray of the radiation field is perpendicular to the center of the PMMA slab. Multiple personal monitors are irradiated to obtain information on accuracy and precision. Irradiation of the personal monitors using fields incident at nonperpendicular angles is used to examine differences from the response to the perpendicular irradiation. 

In addition, multiple personal monitors are often used for situations in which a worker is exposed to a nonuniform radiation field, in an attempt to assess the region of the body receiving the highest deep dose equivalent. Approaches to the use of multiple personal monitors vary widely, and the number used and their locations depend on the particular work activity. For example, during work inside a steam generator, where the radiation fields are potentially isotropic, a total of 12 to 14 personal monitors may be placed at specific locations on both the front and the back of the body, and on top of the head. In other work situations, when the radiation field may be relatively directional but variable (e.g., during control-rod drive maintenance in a boiling-water reactor) the individual may wear all of the personal monitors at locations on the front of the body. 

Multiple personal monitors are used at national laboratories only in very special situations. At present, there does not appear to be a uniform approach. 

The use of multiple personal monitors is not common at universities and research institutions and, if necessary, would be implemented on an ad hoc basis. 

In scenarios for which the irradiation geometry in practice is difficult to determine, investigators have recommended the use ofii/pdO) values determined from multiple personal monitors to obtain improved estimates ofi/g (Lakshmanan et al., 1991 Xu, 1994). These investigators have demonstrated that i p(10) values from personal monitors placed on the front (i.e., center of the chest) and back (t.e., center of the back) of individuals can be combined in specific algorithms that yield closer estimates of than the values of 10)... 

Additional features include a 50,000+ word spell checker, a contact management database for tracking potential employers, a calendar for scheduling interview appointments, a mail merge feature for generating multiple personalized letters from one main document. 

Charles T. Tart, The world Simulation Process Approach. Portions of this paper were originally presented in an invited address at the Seventh international Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States, November 7-11, 1990, Chicago, under the title, "Life in the World Simulator Altered States, identification, Multiple Personality and Enlightenment."... 

This is the published version of the paper, which appeared as Multiple Personality, Altered States and Virtual Reality The World Simulation Process Approach, in the journal Dissociation, vol. 3, 222-233. Available over the web from http //www.paradi qm-svs.com/cttart/ (80k)... 

But these allegations were only the beginning. What Noreen Gosch said next was enough to stun the Court. The experimentation in question was designed to deliberately split off the personalities of these children into multiples, so that when they re questioned or put under oath or questioned under lie detector, that unless the operator knows how to question a multiple-personality disorder, they turn up no evidence. ... 

Multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a chronic and recurrent emotional illness. A person with MPD plays host to two or more personalities. Each identity has its own unique style of viewing and understanding the world and may have its own name. These distinct personalities periodically control that person s behavior as if several people were alternately sharing the same body. Because those diagnosed with multiple personality disorder often are not aware of the alternate personalities, called alters, inside themselves, they cannot account for blocks of time when these other identities control their memory, thinking, and behavior. In 1994 multiple personality disorder was renamed disassociative identity disorder by the American Psychiatric Association. 

Despite well-known movies such as The Three Faces of Eve and Sibyl, which recounted the life stories of women with MPD, by the beginning of the last decade only about 200 cases had been documented in world psychiatric literature. Finally in 1980 the American Psychiatric Association officially recognized multiple personality disorder as a genuine emotional illness. 

Not all children who are severely and repeatedly abused develop multiple personality disorder, but if the sexual or physical abuse is extreme and repeated, disassociated clusters of thoughts and feelings may begin to take on lives of their own, especially when the child has no time or space in which to emotionally recover between abuses. Each cluster tends to have a common emotional theme such as anger, sadness, or fear. Eventually, as the walls of disassociation thicken, these clusters develop into full-blown personalities, each with its own memory and characteristics. 

One of the most baffling mysteries of multiple personality disorder is how alternate personalities can sometimes show very different biological characteristics from the host and from each other. Several personalities sharing one body may have different heart rates, blood pressures, body temperatures, pain tolerances, and eyesight abilities. Different alters may have unique reactions to medications. Sometimes a healthy host can have alternate personalities with allergies and even asthma. An alter s blood glucose (sugar) may respond differently to insulin than the host s. Since studies done on people with such dramatically different alters have been small, no conclusions can be drawn and the puzzle remains to be solved. 

Most people with multiple personality disorder are diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40. By that time they have been seeking help for their problems for an average of seven years and have usually been hospitalized several times. In some cases this happens because in addition to having multiple personality disorder, those who suffer from it are often anxious or depressed. In other cases, the rapid mood swings that occur when personalities switch can appear to be symptoms of bipolar illness, more commonly called manic depression. Finally, the voices of the personalities a person with MPD may report hearing are interpreted as the auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia. 

Disassociation—The separation of a thought process or emotion from conscious awareness. Host—The main or core personality of a person with multiple personality disorder, developing since the time of birth. 

About half of ah people being treated for MPD require brief hospitalization, and only 5% are primarily or exclusively treated in psychiatric hospitals. According to the NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) study, although sometimes mood altering medications such as tranquilizers or antidepressants are prescribed for MPD patients, they are often diagnosed as having anxiety or depression rather than the multiple personality disorder. The treatment of MPD lasts an average of four years. 

Cohen, Barry M., ed. Multiple Personality Disorder from the Inside Out. Baltimore Sidian Press, 1991. 

Putnam, Frank W. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. New York Guilford Press, 1989. Sizemore, Chris Costner. A Mind of My Own The Woman Who was Known as Eve Tells the Story of Her Triumph Over Multiple Personality Disorder. New York Morrow, 1989. Weissberg, Michael P. The First Sin of Ross Michael Carlson A Psychiatrist s Personal Account of Murder, Multiple Personality Disorder, and Modern Justice. New York Delacorte Press, 1992. 

Braun, Bennett G. Multiple Personality Disorder An Overview. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 44, no. 11 (1990) 971-976. 

Curtin, Sharon Lynne. Recognizing Multiple Personality Disorder. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing 31, no. 2 (1993) 29-33. 

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