Wetting of textiles

In many interfacial processes, such as in high-speed wetting of textile, paper, and other substrates (Chapter 6, Section IIC), or in foaming (Chapter 7), equilibrium... 

The properties of alkyl sulfates differ depending upon the structures of the alkyl chains and the counterions present. While alkali and ammonium salts are similar in behaviour, the solubilities of the alkaline-earth salts are reduced in water. On the other hand, the solubilities in organic solvents of alkyl sulfates with polyvalent ions is increased. Due to this fact, fatty pollutants can be better detached from fabrics by a detergent solution of moderate water hardness than by a solution showing extremely low water hardness. In particular, the wetting of textile fibres will be measurably accelerated by using calcium or magnesium as counterions. 

The mechanical properties of acryUc and modacryUc fibers are retained very well under wet conditions. This makes these fibers well suited to the stresses of textile processing. Shape retention and maintenance of original bulk in home laundering cycles are also good. Typical stress—strain curves for acryhc and modacryUc fibers are compared with wool, cotton, and the other synthetic fibers in Figure 2. 

The ratio of stress to strain in the initial linear portion of the stress—strain curve indicates the abiUty of a material to resist deformation and return to its original form. This modulus of elasticity, or Young s modulus, is related to many of the mechanical performance characteristics of textile products. The modulus of elasticity can be affected by drawing, ie, elongating the fiber environment, ie, wet or dry, temperature or other procedures. Values for commercial acetate and triacetate fibers are generally in the 2.2—4.0 N/tex (25—45 gf/den) range. 

Textiles. In the area of textile and synthetic fiber processiag, amine oxides have been used as dyeiag auxiHaries as weU as wetting agents (51,52), as antistatic agents (qv) (53—55), and as bleaching agents (56,57). 

Other uses of HCI are legion and range from the purification of fine silica for the ceramics industry, and the refining of oils, fats and waxes, to the manufacture of chloroprene mbbers, PVC plastics, industrial solvents and organic intermediates, the production of viscose rayon yam and staple fibre, and the wet processing of textiles (where hydrochloric acid is used as a sour to neutralize residual alkali and remove metallic and other impurities). 

Salts of alkyl phosphates and types of other surfactants used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in polymer dispersions are discussed with respect to the preparation of polymer dispersions for use in the manufactoring and finishing of textiles. Seven examples are presented to demonstrate the significance of surfactants on the properties, e.g., sedimentation, wetting behavior, hydrophilic characteristics, foaming behavior, metal adhesion, and viscosity, of polymer dispersions used in the textile industry [239]. 

Kalliala, E. Talvenmaa, P. Environmental profile of textile wet processing in Finland. J. Clean. Prod. 1999, 8,143-154. 

Lack of a wet cleaning label for garments To date, there has been no care label for wet cleaning. In 2002, the International Committee of Textile Care (CINET) proposed such a new label (a bold W in a circle), which will be voted on in 2005. 

A major difference between the wetting of hard (e.g. glass and metal) and soft (e.g. textile) solid surfaces is that, in the former, equilibrium tends to be established rapidly, whereas, in the latter, kinetic effects may be of considerable importance. 

There are three primary methods for controlling the flammability of textile products. These include the following incorporation of the fire retardant into the fiber during production, wet treatment of the fabric after production, or back-coating the fabric. 

The presence of surfactants also influences the overall efficiency of other active ingredients of detergents, e.g. bleach and enzymes. Afirst requirement for the efficacy of these ingredients is a wetting of the textile substrate and hydrophobic or oily soils by the washing liquor. Besides this wetting function, all the other effects of soil removal of surfactants which have been... 

Energy and Related Savings from Controlled Low Wet Pick-Up Application of Textile Chemicals and Dyes via Semistable Foams... 

Goldstein, H. B., "Low Wet Pick-Up Finishing", paper presented at 1978 National Meeting of Amer. Assoc, of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Anaheim, California, Nov. 1-4, 1978 Book of Papers, pp. 275-282. 

---