Water supplies, protecting

Varljen, M. D. and Shafer, J. M. (1993). Coupled simulation-optimization modeling for municipal ground-water supply protection. Ground Water, 31(3), 401-409. 

Power, J. R., McClintock, C. and Alle, D. J. (1991). The impact of contingent information on water supply protection. In Proceedings of a Conference of the European Association ofEnvironmental and Resource Economists. 

The next step is to apply a number of loss control credit factors such as process control (emergency power, cooling, explosion control, emergency shutdown, computer control, inert gas, operating procedures, reactive chemical reviews), material isolation (remote control valves, blowdown, drainage, interlocks) and fire protection (leak detection, buried tanks, fire water supply, sprinkler systems, water curtains, foam, cable protection). The credit factors are combined and appHed to the fire and explosion index value to result in a net index. 

R. Hurwit2, personal communication. New York City Dept, of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply, 1996 A. O. Sul2berger, N.Y. Times (Aug. 10,1981). 

Eluoride added to a compatible dentifrice base at a level of 1000 ppm has been clinically proven to reduce the incidence of dental caries by about 25% on average, even in areas where the water supply is fluoridated (4). Elevation to 1500 ppm increases the protection. Sources of fluoride approved for use in dentifrices are sodium fluoride [7681-49-4] (0.22%), sodium monofluorophosphate (0.76%), and stannous fluoride [7783-47-3] (0.41%). The Eood and Dmg Administration regulates fluoridated dentifrices as dmgs and has estabUshed parameters for safe and effective products. CompatibiUty of the fluoride with the abrasive is an important requirement. 

Utilities and yard services (boiler plant, refrigeration, compressed air, water supply and treatment, effluents, fire protection, yard piping, yard electrical, yard materials handling, raw and finished-product storage)... 

After 1860 in the United States, water mains were only occasionally given coatings of tar. About 18% the activities of Engii.sh undertakings were extended to America, where chiefly bare metal pipelines had previously been laid. Water supply pipes were coated internally with bitumen in America after 1912. Vical (1837) in France and J. Bull (1843) in America introduced the widely known cement mortar as a protective material for water pipes 16]. 

Provision of efficient drift eliminators of water cooling towers consideration of replacement by air cooling systems. Thermal insulation to protect personnel from contact with hot or cold surfaces prevention of water supply disruption by freezing. 

Water supply - It is the most important of all extinguishing agents for most chemical plant fires. The water supply should be sufficient to fulfill the demand for automatic protection and hose streams for at least a four-hour period. Allowance should be made for explosion damage to the system and protection against freezing. 

Monitors and deluge sets-Many chemical plants use monitors for general use and for high hazard locations in order to provide maximum water supply with a minimum of manpower exposure. Deluge sets supported by ample hose streams are preferred for some protection uses. 

Sprinkler and water spray installations-Many process and storage area buildings should be protected by automatic sprinkler systems. The size and arrangement for water supply are dependent upon the nature of the hazard and the degree of protection desired. Water spray installations are particularly adapted for cooling uninsulated steel structures, elevated pipe lines, vessels, spheres, and similar plant installations. 

Adequate water supplies for fire protection arc vital. Otlier utility services, such as electricity, must be reliable and well maintained during emergencies. Plants depending on outside electricity should liave two separate feeder circuits whenever possible, and possible failures of tlrese utilities should be evaluated before construction. When one system fails, tlie other system must provide suitable switching or shutdown to prevent serious hazards. 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal, state and local authorities govern security of supply in relation to quantity for surface and groundwater by the granting of an abstraction license. The license limits the total daily quantity and the rate at which the waters may be abstracted, taking account of the natural resource and the needs of other abstractors. Metered water supply is subject to contract with the water companies, who may impose quantity and draw-off rate limitations. The limitations imposed by the license or contract may influence plant location. 

The salts content of soils may be markedly altered by man s activities. The effect of cathodic protection will be discussed later in this section. Fertiliser use, particularly the heavy doses used in lawn care, introduces many chemicals into the soil. Industrial wastes, salt brines from petroleum production, thawing salts on walks and roads, weed-killing salts at the base of metal structures, and many other situations could be cited as examples of alteration of the soil solution. In tidal areas or in soils near extensive salt deposits, depletion of fresh ground-water supplies has resulted in a flow of brackish or salty sea water into these soils, causing increased corrosion. 

The Arsenal is located in the central portion of northern New Jersey, near the town of Dover. This places it at the outer rim of the New York metropolitan area. It occupies a ten mile long valley, lying between mountain ridges which serve as natural barricades. The valley also has a natural water supply which, even today, is adequate. These are the three attributes for which the site was selected nearness to the world of commerce means of protection of the surrounding area from the hazards inherent in its work and the availability of the one extremely vital natural resource — water... 

Why Do We Need to Know This Material Chapter 9 developed the concepts of chemical equilibria in gaseous systems this chapter extends those ideas to aqueous systems, which are important throughout chemistry and biology. Equilibria between acids, bases, and water in plant and animal cells are vital for the survival of individual organisms. To sustain human societies and protect our ecosystems, we also need these ideas to understand the acidity of rain, natural waters such as lakes and rivers, and municipal water supplies. 

Drought is perhaps one of the most complex examples to choose but it illustrates well the possibilities of, and pitfalls to, progress. Drought affects almost every facet of plant function and we are faced with the paradox that yield and evapotranspiration are intimately linked. In general, increases in yield when water supply is limiting are likely to result from characteristics which increase the available water supply, increase water use efficiency or increase biomass allocation to the economically useful plant parts (Pass-ioura, 1986). Additionally, features which maintain cell viability and protect metabolism in water-stressed tissue and allow rapid recovery after dry periods will contribute yield under some circumstances. 

Washington, D.C. Water Quality Standards Class C waters protected for aquatic life, waterfowl, shore birds, and water-oriented wildlife Class D waters protected for use as a raw water source for public water supply 1000 mg/L 3.0 mg/L CELDS 1990... 

---