Super-heated

Phthalaldehyde [643-79-8] M 134.1, m 54-56°, 55.5-56°, 58°, b 83-84°/0.8mm. Purified by steam distillation better by using super heated steam (at 175-180°) and efficient cooling. The distillate is saturated with Na2S04 extracted exhaustively with EtOAc, dried (Na2S04), filtered and evaporated. The residue... 

Burns may arise from fire, hot objects/surfaces, radiant heat, very cold objects, electricity or friction. Scalds may arise from steam, hot water, hot vapour or hot or super-heated liquids. 

The textile fibers have a limited range of application. They may be used with hot or cold water, steam, oils and ammonia up to a maximum temperature of 100°C (212°F). Asbestos fiber is more versatile, can be used as compression packing material with hot water, super-heated steam, hot oils and gases up to 310°C (590°F). 

Ramsey and Dunnill (9) reported the formation of highly branched structures in nylon 6,6 by reacting under anhydrous conditions. According to them this could be prevented by reacting under a blanket of super-heated steam. 

As carrier gases dry nitrogen and super-heated steam, both at a pressure of 1 bar, were used. The gas velocity was 4,0 cm. sec for both gases. The samples were flushed from the sample-holder into the pre-heated reactor and reached temperature within a minute. The reactions were stopped by removing the reactor from the oven. 

The SPP in a fluidized bed reactor with super heated steam as carrier gas gave somewhat lower molecular weight products but the samples showed hardly any UV absorption. Steam in the carrier gas reduces the overall polymerization rates, but suppresses the reactions which lead to coloured products (25). 

The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), 1993. Final Report for the Project of Super-Heat Pump and Energy Integrated System, September 1993 (in Japanese). 

To make cut pile carpets, two strands of BCF yarns are twisted together and heat-set with steam using a Superba heat setting machine at 135-145 °C or at 175-195 °C when heat-set with super-heated steam in a Suessen. An experimental design experiment [94] showed the higher the heat set temperature, then the lower is the bulk of the final carpet, but there is an increase in the tip definition and walk performance. The tufted carpets are then dyed with disperse dyes at atmospheric boil [95] in a continuous or a batch process. PTT carpets showed excellent resiliency in walk test experiments, equivalent to a nylon and much better than both PET and polypropylene, had lower static charge of <3.5 kV, and were resistant to coffee, mustard, betadine, red acid dyes and other stains [96],... 

Fauske (1973) showed that drops of R-11 could be injected into warm water (—343 K) with little boiling. The drops, being more dense than water, fell to the bottom of the vessel. No explosions were noted. Also, for R-11 and (R-21), Chukanov and Skripov (1971) measured the super-heat-limit temperatures (see Table XVI). 

Bunsen burners. These are of very limited use, as most reactions require flammable substances. Their purpose is mainly for gkss work, generating and super heating steam (see work bench diagram for safe usage). 

The original hydrothermal method involves heating the reactants in a closed vessel, an autoclave, with water (Figure 3.5). An autoclave is usually constructed from thick stainless steel to withstand the high pressures, and is fitted with safety valves it may be lined with non-reactive materials such as teflon. The autoclave is heated, the pressure increases, and the water remains liquid above its normal boiling temperature of 373 K, so-called super-heated water . These conditions, in which the pressure is raised above atmospheric pressure and the temperature is raised above the boiling temperature of water (but not to as high a temperature as used in the... 

Mr. Ckockfoed of Holywell, Flintshire, has latterly patented a -method of roasting blende preparatory to its smelting, by which all the sulphur is obtained as sulphuric acid. This he effects by employing a furnace the heat of which passes beneath the floor on which the powdered blende rests. At one end of this furnace, the blende is continually introduced in small portions at a time and in its passage from this to the discharging end of the chamber, in addit ion to the heat from the floor, it is acted upon by a current of super-heated air, in order to convert the sulphur into sulphurous acid. The eliminated gases may ho conducted into an ordinary leaden chamber, and nitrons vapor and steam supplied from other departments in the usual way, to convert them to sulphuric acid. 

Fluorine (or fluorides) has a suggested international limit of 5 mg/liter. Fluoride pickup occurs only in the rare case where concrete tanks may have been treated with fluosilicate. With the disappearance of concrete tanks and prohibition of fluosilicate which may contaminate food, this determination should be superfluous. It is done on an ashed sample distillation of fluosilicic acid with super-heated steam and titration with thorium nitrate in the presence of sodium alizarinsulfonate. 

Cans can be sterilised easily with super-heated steam or hot air as they are stable above sterilising temperatures. 

Baghurst, D.R. and Mingos, D.M.P., Super heating effects associated with microwave dielectric heating, /. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1992, 674. 

Nickel Carbide, NijC solid, stable up to 380-400° decompd by dll acids or by super-heated steam to methane other products. Was prepd by interaction of Ni pdr with CO at 200-300°... 

In steam turbine power plants, steam pipes carry super heated vapor under high temperature (1050°F/565.5°C) and high pressure often at 3500 psiMPa or greater. In a jet engine temperatures may reach to 1000°C, which may initiate creep deformation in a weak zone. For these reasons, it is crucial for public and operational safety to understand creep deformation behavior of engineering materials. 

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