Bismuth elements

The metallics are often called other metals and begin an arrangement on the periodic table in zigzag steps. (You may view this dark zigzag line that divides the metallics from metalloids on a copy of the Periodic table.) For the other metals or metallics, this zigzag line runs run from aluminum to gallium to indium to tin to thallium to lead and then ends with bismuth. Elements left of the zigzag are also called poor metals. ... 

Bismuth, element 83, is a soft gray naturally occurring metal, ft is most commonly found as bismite (Bi203), bismutite ((Bi0)2C03), or bismuthinite (Bi2S3). Bismuth is produced as a by-product of copper and lead smelting. It is the heaviest member of group 15 and the heaviest stable element. While there are many isotopes known, it is found naturally only... 

Bismuth Bismuth-209 Bismuth, elemental EINECS 231-177-4 HSDB 2078. Used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and medicinals, cosmetics, alloys, catalyst in making acrylonitrile, additive, coating selenium. Metal mp = 271° bp = 1420°. Asarco Atomergic Chemetals Frys Metals Ltd Noah Chem... 

The s-process cannot explain the formation of the elements heavier than bismuth as the trans-bismuth elements have a number of short-lived isotopes which prevait the formation of thorium and uranium in the amoimts observed in nature. The heaviest elements are believed to be formed in supernova explosions. 

But the task for elements 85 and 87 looked much more formidable. In their attempts to produce eka-iodine the scientists could only have one material for the target, namely, bismuth, element 83. The bombarding particles were a case of Hobson s choice, too—only alpha particles could be used. Polonium, which precedes eka-iodine, could not be used as the material for the target. The elements with lower numbers than bismuth could not be used as targets because the scientists lacked appropriate bombarding particles to reach number 85. 

Each of these elements occurs naturally as a sulphide ore arsenic as realgar As S,, orpiment As, Sg and arsenical pyrites with approximate formula FeAsS antimony as stibnite Sb2S3 and bismuth as B12S3. 

Arsenic and antimony resemble phosphorus in having several allotropic modifications. Both have an unstable yellow allotrope. These allotropes can be obtained by rapid condensation of the vapours which presumably, like phosphorus vapour, contain AS4 and Sb4 molecules respectively. No such yellow allotrope is known for bismuth. The ordinary form of arsenic, stable at room temperature, is a grey metallic-looking brittle solid which has some power to conduct. Under ordinary conditions antimony and bismuth are silvery white and reddish white metallic elements respectively. 

Arsenic dissolves in concentrated nitric acid forming arsenicfV) acid, H3ASO4, but in dilute nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid the main product is the arsenic(III) acid, HjAsOj. The more metallic element, antimony, dissolves to form the (III) oxide Sb O, with moderately concentrated nitric acid, but the (V) oxide Sb205 (structure unknown) with the more concentrated acid. Bismuth, however, forms the salt bismulh(lll) nitrate Bi(N03)3. 5H,0. 

A complete set of trihalides for arsenic, antimony and bismuth can be prepared by the direct combination of the elements although other methods of preparation can sometimes be used. The vigour of the direct combination reaction for a given metal decreases from fluorine to iodine (except in the case of bismuth which does not react readily with fluorine) and for a given halogen, from arsenic to bismuth. 

These stability changes are in accordance with the change from a non-metal to a weak metal for the Group V elements nitrogen to bismuth. 

Nitrogen is unusual in forming so many oxides. The acidity of the Group V oxides falls from phosphorus, whose oxides are acidic, through arsenic and antimony whose oxides are amphoteric, to the basic oxide ofbismuth. This change is in accordance with the change from the non-metallic element, phosphorus, to the essentially metallic element, bismuth. The +5 oxides are found, in each case, to be more acidic than the corresponding + 3 oxides. 

Bismuth forms both -l-3 and -l-5 oxides. The -1-3 oxide, unlike the corresponding oxides of the other Group V elements, is insoluble... 

This is a radioactive element. It occurs in minute traces in barium and thorium minerals, but it can be produced by irradiation of bismuth in a nuclear reactor. (The study of its chemistry presents great difficulty because of its intense a radiation). 

Poland, native country of Mme. Curie) Polonium, also called Radium F, was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898 while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblend from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. 

By agreement between the purchaser and the suppHer, analyses may also be requited and limits estabUshed for elements or compounds not specified. This grade is intended for chemical appHcations requiting low silver and bismuth contents. 

Some elements found in body tissues have no apparent physiological role, but have not been shown to be toxic. Examples are mbidium, strontium, titanium, niobium, germanium, and lanthanum. Other elements are toxic when found in greater than trace amounts, and sometimes in trace amounts. These latter elements include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, silver, zirconium, beryUium, and thallium. Numerous other elements are used in medicine in nonnutrient roles. These include lithium, bismuth, antimony, bromine, platinum, and gold (Eig. 1). The interactions of mineral nutrients with... 

Minor amounts of tantalum, tin, lead, bismuth, and other elements also occur ia the ferroniobium. After cooling for 12—30 h, the metal is separated from the slag and cmshed and si2ed for shipment. The recovery of niobium ia the alurninothermic reaction is 87—93%. Larger reactions generally give better recoveries. 

Solders are alloys that have melting temperatures below 300°C, formed from elements such as tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, and cadmium. Tin—lead solders are commonly used for electronic appHcations, showing traces of other elements that can tailor the solder properties for specific appHcations. 

Arsenic Peroxides. Arsenic peroxides have not been isolated however, elemental arsenic, and a great variety of arsenic compounds, have been found to be effective catalysts ia the epoxidation of olefins by aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Transient peroxoarsenic compounds are beheved to be iavolved ia these systems. Compounds that act as effective epoxidation catalysts iaclude arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentoxide, arsenious acid, arsenic acid, arsenic trichloride, arsenic oxychloride, triphenyl arsiae, phenylarsonic acid, and the arsenates of sodium, ammonium, and bismuth (56). To avoid having to dispose of the toxic residues of these reactions, the arsenic can be immobi1i2ed on a polystyrene resia (57). 

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