Water stains, removal

EDDS and the three phosphonates were also compared for stain removal and dye damage in a full wash test in a washing machine using the same synthetic hard water. The results are summarized in Table 10.6 and showed that EDDS and DTPMP were comparable on stain removal followed by EDTMP, whereas HEDP gave very poor stain removal. On dye protection, EDDS clearly protected dyes better than DTPMP and EDTMP, whereas HEDP use resulted in significant amounts of dye damage. 

Tissue sections (8 pan thick) are placed on Probe-on Plus slides and floated on autoclaved water on a hot plate (42°C) for 2-3 min to remove compression. The water is removed with a paper towel, and the slides are placed on a slotted glass staining dish on its side in the microwave oven. To adhere the sections, the slides are heated in a microwave... 

The application of enzymes, however, is not novel already in 1913, Otto Rohm, founder of what would become the chemical giant Rohm and Haas, had added a proteolytic enzyme, mainly trypsin, from milled animal pancreas and dog waste to detergents. Marketed in Germany in 1914 as Burnus , this innovation was way ahead of its time and ran into several problems First, the very crude proteolytic enzyme contained many impurities which sometimes stained the very textile it was supposed to clean. Second, one tablet could be added to 10 liters of water to remove stains from clothes. Unfortunately, consumers were used to bulky washing powders which lathered a lot, and they did not believe that such a small tablet could work. Third, the process of enzyme extraction was not economical enough to include it in routine household detergents. 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of diazinon, diluted to 1.0% a.i. was used to contaminate a 50/50 blend of cotton and polyester. A single warm-water wash (49°C) results in approximately 4% diazinon remaining however, if the fabric is pretreated with Spray n Wash (a prewash commercial soil and stain remover containing a blend of... 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of malathion, diluted to field strength (0.5% a.i.) was used to contaminate 100% cotton. A single warm water wash (50°C) results in 6% malathion residue remaining on the fabric. A double wash results in approximately 3% residue remaining. Using a bleach/soak pretreatment, a prewash soil and stain remover, or an additional wash does not significantly improve residue removal. 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of Triallate, diluted to field strength concentration (1.8% a.i.), was used to contaminate cotton twill fabric. The best laundry procedure is to pretreat the work clothing with a pre-wash commercial soil and stain remover containing a blend of surfactants and solvents, launder in hot water (60°C), and then launder a second time. Approximately 18% of the pesticide remains in the fabric using the above procedure after a single wash when no pretreatment and warm water (50°C) were used, as much as 48% of the Triallate remained. 

The removal of soils and stains by application of solvents to the tapa using the suction feature of the table was not successful. A Bolivian tapa hood with a painted decoration was chosen for testing of stain removing capabilities. The hood had been defaced with green felt-tip marker ink, which proved soluble in a variety of solvents, including both acetone and water. 

The ability of one substance to make another substance dissolve in it is very important to the cleaning industry. No amount of soap and water will remove paint stains or chewing gum. But if the cleaner knows what caused the stain, he can remove it with the proper solvent. 

For ocular exposures, eyes should be flushed with generous amounts of tepid 0.9% saline or tap water for at least 15 min. After flushing, fluorescein should be used to stain the eyes and check for comeal ulcers (Grant and Schuman, 1993). Bathing with dish soap and water will remove chlorine from the skin and fur/feathers. 

Remove glass slides and place in fixing solution for 20 s ( A of Rapi-Diff II stain). Remove excess fluid from slide and repeat for the cytoplasmic and nuclear stains ( B and C of Rapi-Diff II stain, respectively). Rinse with distilled water. 

Add 5 mL of crystal violet to each Petri dish and leave for 5 min. Pour off the stain and rinse the dish under running tap water to remove excess dye. Invert dishes and leave to dry. 

Accepta 3547 [Accepta]. TM for a water stain and scale remover. 

HTH-15 [Olin]. TM for an all-purpose germicide, disinfectant, and stain remover. Contains 15% of available chlorine and yields sodium hypochlorite solutions directly when added to water. 

Most people are familiar with discoloration or stains that are a result of problem water in the home. Red and brown stains caused by iron, blue and green stains caused by copper, and white scales caused by magnesium and calcium are found in most homes with problem water. The process of softening water removes the minerals calcium and magnesium that are typically found in potable water. The removal of these elements... 

Most bleach cleaners, however, are simple, water-thin solutions. The most common formulations are a simple combination of hypochlorite bleach, sodium hydroxide (to achieve a pH of 10 to 12), amine oxide surfactant, and a low quantity of perfume. However, despite their simplicity, these types of products are very effective stain removers and disinfectants. 

Stain removers Starch preparations, laundry Starches, plastics Sweeping compounds, oil and water absorbent, clay or sawdust... 

In architectural paints, continuous films are formed even in cold weather water-stains are sealed effectively with no bleed-through and fresh films are not removed by rain. 

Thus Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250, for example, is the commonly used dye solution for staining protein zones. Staining is followed by several rinses in a destaining solution (ethenol-acetic acid-water) to remove excess background dye. 

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