Water solubility of compound

Bromocriptine, erythromycin and terfenadine had to be omitted from this correlation because Absolv does not calculate the water solubilities of compounds with McGowan volumes, V, greater than 4.0. This is because the solubility training set used in Absolv, Eq. (6), does not contain compounds with V values greater than 4 hence predictive power for such compounds are not reliable. 

Recovery levels for individual organic compounds were, as expected, less than the values predicted by using the membrane solute rejections. Differences in the actual recovery and the theoretical recovery were partially due to adsorption losses. Mass balance analysis still indicated a deficiency in some cases. Rectification of the inconsistencies in these data was complicated by the limited water solubility of compounds chosen for study, the necessity of using a cosolvent in spiking, and, in particular, the limitations of the analytical procedures at these extremely low concentrations. 

The tendency for certain fluoroquinolones (e.g.. norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) in high doses to cau.se crysialluria in alkaline urine is, in part, due to the predominance of the comparatively less soluble zwiticrionic form. Solubility data presented for ofloxacin in the ISlh edition of the United Stiites Pharmacopoeia dramatically illustrate (he effect of pH on water solubility of compounds of the tluoroquinolone class. Thus, the. solubility of ofloxacin in water is 60 mg/ niL at pH values ranging from 2 to S. falls to 4 mg/mL at pH 7 (near the isoelectric point, pi), and rises to 303 mg/ mL at pH 9.8. 

For the water solubility of compounds with log P < 5-6, numerous linear log P -dependent equations have been derived for diverse data sets (Table 4.1). 

The formation of inclusion complexes can stabilize labile compounds and provide protection for light- or oxygen-sensitive compounds. Inclusion complexes can also be used to control the release, stability, solubility, and utilization of biologically active compounds such as drugs, vitamins, flavors, odors, insecticides, herbicides, and so forth. The cyclomaltodextrins can also be used to mask, alter, and/or eliminate undesirable flavors or odors, and they can be used to increase the water solubility of compounds that otherwise have low solubility [16]. 

The distillate may contain volatile neutral compounds as well as volatile acids and phenols. Add a slight excess of 10-20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution to this distillate and distil until the liquid passes over clear or has the density of pure water. The presence of a volatile, water-soluble neutral compound is detected by a periodic determination of the density (see Section XI,2) if the density is definitely less than unity, the presence of a neutral compound may be assumed. Keep this solution Si) for Step 4. 

Step 4. The steam-volatile neutral compounds. The solution (containing water-soluble neutral compounds obtained in Step 1 is usually very dilute. It is advisable to concentrate it by distillation until about one-third to one-half of the original volume is collected as distillate the process may be repeated if necessary and the progress of the concentration may be followed by determination of the densities of the distillates. It is frequently possible to salt out the neutral components from the concentrated distillate by saturating it with solid potassium carbonate. If a layer of neutral compound makes its appearance, remove it. Treat this upper layer (which usually contains much water) with solid anhydrous potassium carbonate if another aqueous layer forms, separate the upper organic layer and add more anhydrous potassium carbonate to it. Identify the neutral compound. 

The colors of azo compounds vary with the nature of the aryl group with its substituents and with pH Substituents also affect the water solubility of azo dyes and how well they... 

The —OH group of phenols makes it possible for them to participate m hydrogen bonding This contributes to the higher boiling points and greater water solubility of phenolic compounds compared with arenes and aryl halides... 

These are water-soluble crystalline compounds sold as concentrated aqueous solutions. The methylol groups are highly reactive (118—122) and capable of being cured on the fabric by reaction with ammonia or amino compounds to form durable cross-linked finishes, probably having phosphine oxide stmctures after post-oxidizing. This finishing process, as developed by Albright Wilson, is known as the Proban process. 

Lead Iodide. Lead diiodide, Pbl2, forms a powder of yellow hexagonal crystals some physical properties are given in Table 1. Lead diiodide is soluble in alkaUes and potassium iodide, and insoluble in alcohol. It is made by treating a water-soluble lead compound with hydroiodic acid or a soluble metal iodide. It is readily purified by recrystaUization in water. 

In general, these polyols are water-soluble, crystalline compounds with small optical rotations in water and a slightly sweet to very sweet taste. Selected physical properties of many of the sugar alcohols are Hsted in Table 1. 

UF suspensions comprise a family of Hquid products in which the UF reaction products are present as a microcrystalline dispersion of longer-chain UF polymers (CWIN) in a water solution of urea and water-soluble UF compounds. Typically, these products contain about 25% of the total nitrogen as CWIN. 

Absorption via the skin depends on the lipid- and water-solubility of the compound, its polarity, and the molecular size. Dermal absorption is also markedly affected by the size of the exposed skin area. - ... 

It has a water solubility of about 55%. It may ba compounded in the form of tablets, for oral administration, or may be prepared in solution for distribution in ampoules. For tha manufacture of solutions for packaging in ampoules. It is more convenient to simply dissolve tha theophylline and tha butanol amine in water, without going through the intermediate step of separating the crystalline salt. 

The water solubilities of the functional comonomers are reasonably high since they are usually polar compounds. Therefore, the initiation in the water phase may be too rapid when the initiator or the comonomer concentration is high. In such a case, the particle growth stage cannot be suppressed by the diffusion capture mechanism and the solution or dispersion polymerization of the functional comonomer within water phase may accompany the emulsion copolymerization reaction. This leads to the formation of polymeric products in the form of particle, aggregate, or soluble polymer with different compositions and molecular weights. The yield for the incorporation of functional comonomer into the uniform polymeric particles may be low since some of the functional comonomer may polymerize by an undesired mechanism. 

Ethylene oxide is a highly active intermediate. It reacts with all compounds that have a labile hydrogen such as water, alcohols, organic acids, and amines. The epoxide ring opens, and a new compound with a hydroxyethyl group is produced. The addition of a hydroxyethyl group increases the water solubility of the resulting compound. Eurther reaction of ethylene oxide produces polyethylene oxide derivatives with increased water solubility. 

The inhibition doses, ID50, for the compounds and the parent [Bu2Sn(IV)] derivatives are presented in Table 9. These data do not support the hypothesis of Atassi that water-soluble Sn compounds might exhibit higher antitumor activity, at least for the cell lines studied. It should be outlined that the... 

As a result of the water solubility of both SO2 and the sulfates, these compounds are frequently found in or associated with water in a... 

After uptake, lipophilic pollutants tend to move into hydrophobic domains within animals or plants (membranes, lipoproteins, depot fat, etc.), unless they are biotransformed into more polar and water soluble with compounds having low Metabolism of lipophilic compounds proceeds in two stages ... 

A comprehensive set of rate coefficients for water-soluble halo compounds has been published indicating the same trends apparent in Table 26. Activation parameters for a selection of these compounds fall in a range E = 6.9 3.0 kcal.mole , AS = -28 8 eu ... 

EGC > EC = C determined using artificial water-soluble phenothiazine radical cations (Salah et al., 1995) and EGCG > EGC > ECG > C determined in a mixture of LDL and VLDL. However, in the oxidation of unilamellar liposomes of phosphatidylcholine initiated with a water-soluble azo compound at 37°C, the antioxidant activities of EGCG and EGC were lower than those of EC and ECG at pH 7.4, and their depletion of EGCG and EGC was faster than that of EC and ECG (Terao et al, 1994). 

In an effort to improve the water solubility of camptothecin, Rahier et al. [50] synthesized four 20-O-phosphate derivatives (VI). These compounds are freely water-soluble, stable to physiological pH, and stabilize the human topo I-DNA covalent binary complex with the same sequence-selectivity as camptothecin itself All four compounds inhibited the growth... 

C. M Raevsky, O. A. Estimating the water solubilities of crystalline compounds from their chemical structures alone. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41,1355-1359. 

An amended solvation energy relationship was used for correlation of solubility of compounds in water [61] ... 

DMSO is much less of a good solvent for the poorly water-soluble brickdust compound because the breaking of a strong inter-molecular crystal lattice is pretty well unchanged whether the solvent is water or DMSO. The breaking of the strong crystal lattice is the primary cause of poor water solubility for the pure brickdust compound. The further a poorly water-soluble compound is into the brickdust camp, the less effective is DMSO as a solvent. 

Abraham, M. H., Le, J. The correlation and prediction of the solubility of compounds in water using an amended solvation energy relationship. ]. Pharm. Sci. 1999, 88, 868-880. 

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