Water reflectance

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In summary, there is a clear mineralogical control on the partitioning of the Mg isotopes among carbonates and waters and, apparently, a weak dependence on temperature at low T. An important question is the extent to which these measured values for carbonates and waters reflect isotopic equilibrium. Hints to the answer come from comparing 5 Mg to 5 Mg, as shown in the section on terrestrial reservoirs. 

The delivery of PIC and POC to the sediments depends on biological production in the surface waters. The input of terrestrial carbon is relatively minor. The relative proportions of PIC and POC generated in the surfece waters reflect the species composition of the plankton, i.e., calcifiers versus noncalcifiers. The success of detrital PIC and POC in surviving the trip to the seafloor is also dependent on the species composition of the plankton. As discussed in Chapter 23.5.4, the presence of biogenic hard parts confers protection on POC, inhibiting its remineralization. 

Case Ambient Water Quality Criteria. Section 304(a)(1) of the U.S. Clean Water Act of 1977 required the Administrator of the USEPA to publish criteria for water quality (not drinking water) reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable... 

Stream water reflects the interplay between geosphere/hydrosphere and pollution. At the same time it is the main source of drinking water. Many surveys have completed local studies, so the GTN data can be used to link results across Europe. 

Results of a hydrochemical study in basaltic aquifers of Hawaii (Hufen et al., 1974) are given in Table 11.2 and in a histogram in Fig. 11.4.This case study is of special importance because it deals with basaltic aquifers, in contrast to carbonate aquifers, to be discussed in the following section. The tritium values in the Hawaii study were 0.3-2.9 TU in 1974, indicating that most or all of the water had a pre-1952 age. The corresponding 14C concentrations were 85-97 pmc. The pre-1952 14C in the atmosphere was about 100 pmc. Hence, part of the waters reported in Table 11.2 maintained all their initial 14C, whereas others lost up to 15% of their initial value. This loss could occur for two reasons (1) interaction with 14C-devoid carbonate rocks (secondary in the basaltic terrain) and (2) aging of the water, reflected... 

Answer 9.7 The HC03 concentration decreases as a function of salinity increase. The deeper waters reflect, by their elevated chlorine concentration, that the wells tapped seawater, and this is supported by the lower HC03 concentrations. 

Hardness is a natural feature of waters, reflecting calcium and magnesium, as carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates. It is normally very stable and would only require analysis if there was concern about scale formation in distribution and in plumbing in buildings. Low hardness may be a consideration if assessing the level of plumbing-related metals in water at the tap. 

The calculation of an individual s chemical and route-specific dose profiles from water reflects the available information on the temporal pattern of the simultaneous concentrations of the chemicals in the individual s water as well as the individual s consumption or other uses of the water. The available temporal data may be only seasonal or longer-term average concentrations. 

Whereas higher nitrate concentrations in surface (compared to bottom) waters reflect NO3 sources in watershed runoff, higher concentrations of NH4 in bottom waters derive from recychng processes occurring in the aphotic sediments (Fig. 18.6 Kemp and Boynton, 1992). Seasonal variations in bottom water NH4... 

Perkey and Farhataziz [38] have measured the rate constants for the reaction of e am with some aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, nitrobenzene, phenan-threne, naphthalene, benzamide), with acetone and with dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1-chloropropane. In the case of the aromatic molecules listed above, the rate constants are an order of magnitude larger than the corresponding values in water, reflecting the lower viscosity of liquid ammonia and indicating that the reactions are diffusion-controlled. In the case of biphenyl (B), the reaction of e am was found to be reversible [39] ... 

Profiles of dissolved iron in seawater show the influence of both biotic and abiotic processes. At stations in the Northeast Pacific, dissolved iron concentrations are low in surface waters, reflecting biological uptake. Iron concentrations also show peak values at depth, corresponding to the oxygen minimum zone (Martin and Gordon, 1988), suggesting the abiotic reduction of Fe(III) back to the soluble Fe(II). 

Neodymium-isotope ratios of intermediate and deep water in the Indian Ocean are intermediate to the Atlantic and Pacific. They generally fall between s d = 1 to —9, and are consistent with domination by northward flowing circumpolar water (Bertram and Elderfield, 1993 Jeandel et al., 1998). A depth profile east of southern Africa (Figure 7) displays the same zig-zag pattern as South Atlantic intermediate and deep water, reflecting advection of NADW into the western Indian Ocean (Bertram and Elderfield, 1993). 

The regional distribution of hardness (i.e. Ca plus Mg) is shown in Fig. 4. This probably reflects the distribution of free carbonates in the sediments with areas of hard water reflecting their presence and low hardness areas reflecting their absence. The most probable carbonate minerals are calcite (CaCOs) and dolomite (CaMg(C03)2). The absence of pH and bicarbonate data from the National Hydrochemical Survey dataset means that saturation indices for these minerals could not be calculated. However, data from the three Special Study Areas (Smedley et al., 2001) suggest that there is both calcite and dolomite saturation, even slight supersaturation. 

Pohl, C., Hennings, U., Rudgers v. d. Loeff, M., Croot, P, Budeus, G., 2007. Trace metal (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Co) distribution in Eastern-Atlantic surface waters. Reflection of natural and anthropogenic sources by comparing data from 1990 and 2005. Poster Presentation at EGU-General Assembly, 15. 4.20. 4.2007, Vienna, Austria. 

Most aliphatic amines display some solubility in water, reflecting their ability to form hydrogen bonds. Solubility decreases relatively proportionally with the increase in the number of carbon atoms in the molecule - especially when the carbon atom number is greater than six. Aliphatic amines also display significant solubility in organic solvents, especially in polar organic solvents. Primary amines react readily with ketone compounds (such as acetone), however, and most amines are incompatible with chloroform and also with carbon tetrachloride as solvent solutions. 

For Fe2, there is no evidence for magnetic interactions at low temperatures, whatever the ion concentration. This indicates that the ferrous ions are well-separated from each other and do not tend to form pairs or groups. Changes in all Mossbauer parameters below 6 wt % water reflect a modification of the fully-hydrated ion environment. 

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