Dose profiles

Figure 21 Comparison of the biological dose profiles for He, C, and Ne ions. For carbon ions, the ratio of the biological dose at the level of the SOBP and in the initial plateau is maximized and the fragmentation tail behind the Bragg peak remains relatively low. These arguments lead to select carbon ions as most appropriate for heavy-ion beam therapy. (From Ref. 44.)...

The absorption properties of the accelerated electrons in the processed materials are the absorbed dose, the depth dose profile, the penetration range, and the dose rate. 

Provided that the reaction kinetics are known, the available models can be used to determine optimal dosing profiles for single units and for multistage arrangements. Typical results that can be obtained by solving Eq. (48) numerically and applying a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimizer are shown in Fig. 12.18 [66]. 

Dosing profiles in distributor-type membrane reactors should be adjusted carefully in accordance with the reaction rates. 

Figure 8.17 An example of the set of chemical- and route-specific dose profiles over a year for an individual...

For each individual and each chemical, the route-specific dose profiles are calculated by combining the doses from the different possible sources (food, water and non-dietary) (Figure 8.18). Only the doses occurring at the same time are combined. The dose profiles for the different sources depend on the individual s behavior over time. 

An individual may have non-dietary exposure from multiple pesticide uses at different times of the year (Figure 8.19). A use may involve one or more chemicals, applicator exposure and post-application exposures on several days. The temporal occurrence of use events, the algorithms for calculating the time-dependent dose given that a use has occurred, and the individual s behavior generate chemical and route-specific dose profiles. These profiles are combined over the different uses to produce the chemical and route-specific dose profiles over time for the non-dietary sources. 

The calculation of an individual s chemical and route-specific dose profiles from water reflects the available information on the temporal pattern of the simultaneous concentrations of the chemicals in the individual s water as well as the individual s consumption or other uses of the water. The available temporal data may be only seasonal or longer-term average concentrations. 

Probabilistic risk assessment methods are described herein for determining a popnlation s distribution of the dose from exposure and the combination of that exposnre characterization with appropriate toxicological information to form aggregate and cumulative risk assessments. An individual s dose from exposure is characterized as a set of chemical- and route-specific dose profiles over time. Toxic equivalence factors (TEFs) that reflect the toxic endpoint and exposure duration of concern are used to scale chemical- and route-specific doses to toxic equivalent doses (TEDs). The latter are combined in a temporally consistent manner to form a profile over time of the Total TED. For each individual, a Total MOE is calculated by dividing a toxicologically relevant benchmark dose (e.g. an EDio) by the individual s Total TED. The distribution of the Total MOE in a popnlation provides important information for risk management decisions. 

The administration of drugs by alternative routes avoids absorption and metabolic barriers that may be present in the GI tract. The routes can also provide systematic availability when oral administration is contraindicated due to a physiologic condition, or the route may provide for a concentration-time profile that approaches intravenous dosing profiles. The ophthalmic, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, transdermal, and rectal routes provide one or more of these advantages. 

To gather additional information on a reaction, reaction calorimeters are often coupled with other analytical devices e.g., on-line FTIR, particle-sizing probes, turbidity probes, pH or other ion selective probes, etc.). Therefore, we developed a reaction cell that allows stirring, different dosing profiles for one or two reactants and can accommodate a small optical probe coupled to a miniaturized spectrometer, Figure 2. 

Figure 3. Temperature vs. irradiation time (dose) profile at the sample site for several experimental configurations. All sample doses exposed in multiple pass mode except A. Upper dose scale applies to A only.

Grover, R., Smithies, M., and Bihari, D. (1993). A dose profile of the physiological effects of inhaled nitric oxide in acute lung injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, A350. 

Electron beam irradiation has been carried out with an electrocurtain accelerator manufactured by Energy Sciences, lnc.(model CB/150/15/180). The samples were placed on steel plates in aluminum trays and passed through the conveyor system of the electron beam apparatus. The maximum available dose per pass was 20 Mrad, hence, for the highest dose used in this study(40 Mrad), two passes were utilized. In light of the depth-dose profile at 175 kilovolts electron energy level of the EB system, the radiation dose will be nearly unifiorm throughout the sample thickness(3 mil). 

Figure 4. A calculated depth-dose profile in polypropylene for 70 kilovolt operation. A zero air path to the product Is assumed.

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