Water intensity

Examples Caustic + water Intense mixing Concentrated acid + aqueous solution Carbon adsorption Examples Low-intensity powder blending Dilution with similar solvent Screening Drying... 

These proteins are often globular in shape so as to offer a different look or polar nature to their outside. Hydrophobic residues are generally found in the interior while hydrophilic residues are found on the surface interacting with the hydrophilic water-intense external environment. (This theme is often found for synthetic polymers that contain both polar and nonpolar portions. Thus, when polymers are formed or reformed in a regular water-filled atmosphere, many polymers will favor the presence of polar moieties on their surface.)... 

It is known that more than 30 reactions are needed to reproduce the radiation-induced reactions occurring in pure water. Intensive measurements with a pulse radiolysis method have been done at elevated temperature up to 300°C [25 2], and the temperature dependence of some reactions does not exhibit a straight line but a curved one in Arrhenius plot. These examples are the reactions of the hydrated electron with N2O, NOJ, NO2, phenol, Se04, 8203 , and Mn [33,35], and two examples, egq + NOJ and ejq -i- NOJ, are shown in Fig. 2. The rate constant for the reaction of hydrated electron with NOJ is near diffusion-controlled reaction at room temperature and is increasing with increasing temperature. Above 100°C, the rate does not increase and reaches the maximum at 150°C, and then decreases. Therefore the curve is concave upward in Arrhenius plot. 

The separation of anticyclones from the coast results in the seaward deviation of the RC, formation of large meanders of the current, and its branching. For example, the cyclone that was attached to the RC in September 1999 (Cl in Fig. 4A) made the current between it and the coast narrower and faster [12,13]. Meanwhile, in the rear of the cyclone (downstream), the flow widened again and, under the influence of this cyclone and a small anticyclone formed northwest of it and separated from the coast (A2 in Fig. 4A), a part of the RC turned toward the open sea. In the process of the movement of A2, at a distance of 60-70 km from the coast, the RC branched forming a few jets and its waters intensely interacted and mixed with the surrounding waters of the open sea [31]. 

Cooling ponds are generally only considered for heat removal when suitable land is available at a reasonable price, since such systems are simple, cheap, and frequently less water-intensive. It is normally assumed that all heat discharged to a cooling pond is lost through the air-water interface. With low heat-transfer rates, large surface areas are required. 

Most monomers polymerizing by the radical mechanism are almost insoluble in water. Intensive stirring of a mixture of such a monomer with water produces an emulsion which remains stable, however, only in the presence of a surface active compound (tenside), e. g. soap. By the addition of a water-soluble initiator to this emulsion, the monomer polymerizes at a rate several times higher than would be observed by any other radical method with an initiator of equal efficiency. At the same time, a higher polymer with a narrower molecular mass distribution is formed. At the initial stages of the reaction, the monomer is present as three types of particle in tenside-stabilized monomer droplets of diameter 10-3 to 10 4cm (about 1012 such droplets are present in 1 cm3 of emulsion of average concentration) in solubilized micelles about 10 nm in size and concentration 1018 cm 3 and in the growing, emulsifier-stabilized monomer—polymer particles 50-100 nm in size. This situation is illustrated schematically in Fig. 14(a). 

Textile wet processing is highly water intensive. Table 9.1 shows water consumption for processing of various types of textiles, based on a study of several hundred factories. 

Relative water intensity when compared with concentrations of metabolites of interest, + + + indicates that few metabolite signals can be observed without water suppression due to dynamic range problems. 

It is known that more than 30 reactions are needed to reproduce the radiation-induced reactions occurring in pure water. Intensive measurements with a pulse radiolysis method have been done at elevated temperature up to 300°C [25-42], and the temperature dependence of some reactions does not exhibit a straight line but a curved one in Arrhenius plot. These examples are the reactions of the hydrated electron with N2O, NOJ, NOJ, phenol. 

The sulfonic adds are neutralized after recovery they are used predominantly as surfactants in the form of their sodium salts. Since sulfonic acids form highly viscous gels with 10 to 50% water, intensive mixing is required during the neutralisation. The sulfonic acids, which are initally colored brown, lighten noticeably with neutralization. Further lightening of the pale-brown sulfonates can be achieved by adding 1 to 3% hypochlorite (100 to 150 g of active CI2/I). 

Water intensity, Wl This is the amount of water consumed by the manufacturing process per sales revenue of valuable product. The following equation describes the calculation of this indicator ... 

Industry is also highly dependent on water resources. Table 1 on page 16 provides an example of the daily water requirements for each class of energy produced in the United States. The extraction, refining, and recycling of minerals and materials needed for transportation and housing, as well as telecommunications, are likewise water-intensive activities. However, most developed... 

Increasing demand from more water intensive activities. ... 

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