Waste water-treatment process

The high amounts in which these substances are consumed and produced have conferred illicit drugs and their human metabolites a pseudo-persistent character in the environment. Like over-the-counter and prescribed pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs are metabolized after consumption and different proportions of the parent compound and metabolic by-products are excreted via urine or feces and flushed into the sewage system toward wastewater treatment facilities, if existing. However, these substances are poorly or incompletely removed by conventional waste-water treatment processes [2, 3]. As a consequence, illicit drugs and metabolites are continuously introduced via wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents into the aquatic media. In fact, this constitutes the main route of entry of this type of compounds into the environment as direct disposal is unlikely. 

LINPOR [Linde porous medium] A biological waste water treatment process, using an open-pore plastic foam for retaining the biomass. Its use enables the capacity of an activated sludge plant to be increased without adding extra tanks. Invented at the Technische Universitat, Munich, and further developed by Linde, Munich. See also CAPTOR. 

Contamination profiles of hospital effluents and influents/effluents of WWTPs to water courses are essential [55]. Hospitals are one important point source of contamination due to the presence of higher concentrations of APIs residues and the presence of specific antibiotics, antineoplasic and diagnostic agents however, little knowledge is available on their contribution. These facilities require a waste-water treatment process more specific before the entrance at municipal WWTPs [58, 101-105]. In Portugal, the presence of FQs and TCs antibiotics has been reported in different hospital wastewaters [34, 55]. 

Ford, D.L. Manning, F.S. Treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. In Carbon Adsorption Handbook Cheremisinoff, P.N., Ellerbusch, F., Ed. Ann Arbor Science Ann Arbor, Ml, 1978. Patterson, J.W. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology, 2nd Ed. Butterworth Boston, 1985. Hutton, D.G. Robertaccio, F.L. Waste water treatment process. U.S. Patent 3,904,518, September 9, 1975. 

Lester JN. 1983. Significance and behavior of heavy metals in waste water treatment processes 1. Sewage treatment and effluent discharge. Sci Total Environ 30 1-44. 

Waste water treatment process is generally divided into two types ... 

An additional aspect of the phase components to be considered is their polluting effects. If the used phases are pumped down the drain, then the cost of the waste water treatment plant has to be included in the process economics. Phosphate is regarded as one of the more difficult nutrients to be removed efficiently in waste water treatment process. Biodegradable polymers seem much more... 

This chapter has presented a theoretical derivation of continuous particle size distributions for a coagulating and settling hydrosol. The assumptions required in the analysis are not overly severe and appear to hold true in oceanic waters with low biological productivity and in digested sewage sludge. Further support of this approach is the prediction of increased particle concentration at oceanic thermoclines, as has been observed. This analysis has possible applications to particle dynamics in more complex systems namely, estuaries and water and waste-water treatment processes. Experimental verification of the predicted size distribution is required, and the dimensionless coeflBcients must be evaluated before the theory can be applied quantitatively. 

Beck, M.B., 1986. Identification, estimation and control of biological waste-water treatment processes. lEE Proceeding 133, p.254-264... 

R. Tong, M. Beck, and A. Latten, Fuzzy control of the activated sludge waste water treatment process, Automatica, 16 695-701, 1980. 

Mechanical treatment is normally the first step in the waste water treatment process. Suspended solids (coal breeze, ash, slag) and emulsified substances (tars, oils) whose specific density differs from that of water are eliminated from the aqueous condensates by mechanical means. Condensates from medium-tempoature gasification undergo a first rough treatment in tar separators... 

Likewise, nanofiltration can be integrated into waste water treatment. Combined reverse osmosis/nanofiltration processes can offer higher water recovery than either process alone [122]. Moreover, nanofiltration can be combined with other membrane filtration processes [123], electrodialysis [124], or other waste water treatment processes such as ozonation [125]. 

Because of high polymer prices an effort is made to its multipurpose use - both in waste water treatment processes, and in hydraulic transport. Several additives were found to be more efficient in separation processes - cationactive, others in drag reducing processes - usually anionactive. Besides their different price, the anionactive ones being cheaper. 

R. S. Ramalho, Introduction to Waste Water Treatment Processes, Academic, New York, 1977. 

As a cationic substance PHMB is regarded to be effectively removed in waste water treatment processes by complex formation and adsorption. PHMB has a low potential for bioaccumulation. 

Water emission eontrol aims to feedbaek purified water into the natural cycle, causing the least possible pollution of rivers, lakes and seas. You can achieve this by using ecologically harmless components and by optimizing production and waste water treatment processes. 

In the diverse waste water treatment processes, the typically high concentrations of aggressive compounds and the frequently high temperatures necessitate the use of highly corrosion-resistant materials. This means that a design with standard materials is no longer suitable. 

In air-saturated deionised water with low ozone concentrations and at room temperature, unalloyed steel exhibits a corrosion rate that is several times higher than that in ozone-free water. This must be taken into account, if appropriate, in waste water treatment processes that use ozone. 

The literature on FLC has been growing rapidly in recent years, making it difficult to present a comprehensive listing of the wide variety of applications that have been made. Among these are an experimental warm-water plant [65], temperature control of stirred tank reactor [66], activated sludge waste-water treatment process [67], cement kiln [68,69], and startup of catalytic reactor [70]. In drying applications, FLC systems have been developed for simulated rotary dryers [71-73], deep-bed grain and food dryers [74-76], fluidized-bed dryers [77,78], and drum dryers [79]. 

In the past, removal of heavy metals has been largely a fringe benefit of waste-water treatment processes. Currently, however, more consideration is being given to design and operating parameters that speeifieally enhance heavy-metals removal as part of wastewater treatment. 

Schroder, H. Fr., Alkyl polyglycosides in the biological waste water treatment process— Degradation behavior by LC/MS and FIA/MS, World Surfactants Congr, 4th, 1996,3,121-135. 

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