Waste volume reduction effectiveness

Land spreading, solid waste volume reduction via, 25 870, 874 Land transport, of food, 21 566 Land treatment, defined, 3 759t Land use changes, effect on stream water, 26 27-28... 

Extraction involves three basic steps (I) mixing of the two liquid phases (n) contacting of the two phases, (111) separating the two phases from each other. As mentioned previously, micro-fluidic devices have been developed for a wide range of applications because of the many advantages, such as short analysis time, reduction of the sample, reagents, and waste volumes, more effective reaction due to large specific area, and smaller space requirement. Phase separation of the... 

All point source and nonpoint source wastewaters at an industrial site must be properly managed for source separation, waste minimization, volume reduction, collection, pretreatment, and/or complete end-of-pipe treatment [39,47]. When industrial waste is not disposed of properly, hazardous substances may contaminate a nearby surface water (river, lake, sea, or ocean) and/or groundwater. Any hazardous substance release, either intentionally or unintentionally, increases the risk of water supply contamination and human disease. Major waterborne contaminants and their health effects are listed below. 

In most waste streams, either hazardous or radioactive, only a small amount of harmful contaminants is found in a large volume of otherwise harmless waste, and the treatment is aimed at reduction of the effect of these contaminants on the environment. Possible treatments include separation and recycling of the contaminants, destruction of the waste, and if these methods fail, isolation of the entire waste volume and disposal or safe storage. The decontamination and recycling of waste is a good strategy, provided it is economical. Where recycling is not economical, destruction of the wastes takes precedence over any... 

The process conducted in batch-type counter-flow apparatus (Figure 30.17) equipped with capillary PP Acccurel membranes showed good effectiveness of membrane distillation for purification of radioactive waste. Permeate obtained was pure water. All solutes together with radioactive compounds were rejected by the hydrophobic membrane. At tenfold volume reduction of the initial portion of waste, approximately tenfold concentration of radioactivity in the retentate stream was reached, while radioactivity of permeate retained on the level of namral background (Figure 30.18). As was observed in experiments small sorption in the system took place. However, permeate was free of radioactive substances and other dissolved compounds, the concentration and radioactivity factors sometimes slightly differed from volume reduction factors. 

High density has the obvious effect of decreasing the volume of the waste. This in turn allows a decrease in the size of the storage area whether it is a dumpster, a truck or a cell in a landfill. Densification to 65 /ft3 (104 kg/m3) represents an approximate volume reduction of 18 1 over that of unprocessed refuse. The higher density also implies a reduced surface area and therefore a reduced fire hazard and lower biological activity. 

Despite these qualifications, vitrification has some advantages. The vitreous mass is chemically inert and has durable physical properties that lock up contaminants effectively. This is a key advantage when dealing with radioactive contaminants (White et al., 1996). Under some circumstances, the glassy mass can be reused, and some of the energy costs may be recuperated. If the vitrified mass is to be land-filled, the reduction in waste volume is an added cost-saving benefit, in addition to the very inert condition of the glassy material. 

The goal of non-high-level waste treatment is primarily volume reduction. This, however, does not hold for alpha-bearing waste, often called TRU waste. f Effective immobilization may... 

Volume reduction of solid waste. Concentration of burnable solid waste can be very effectively achieved by incineration. The ashes are handled as radioactive concentrate. This is a rather costly technique because of much effort spent for off-gas filtration and safe handling of the ashes. Figure 11.21 shows an example flow sheet of an incinerator. 

THIAZIDE DIURETICS The thiazide diuretics (diuril, hydrodiuril, others) are most frequently used in the treatment of hypertension they play a more restricted role in the treatment of CHF. Thiazides exhibit true synergism with loop diuretics the natriuresis that follows coadministration exceeds the summed effects of the drugs administered individually. This synergism is the rationale for combination therapy in patients who appear refractory to loop diuretics. Thiazides are associated with a greater degree of wasting for comparable volume reduction than are loop diuretics. 

The solid wasfe processing systems include the radwaste volume reduction/snlidifiratinn system and the radwaste incinerator. The systems reduce in volume and solidify low-level radioactive planf wasfes to prepare them for safe storage and/or disposal. The radwaste volume reduction/solidification system employs a vacuum-cooled crystallization process to effect volume reduction, coupled with high speed, higher shear mixing of the waste with cement to achieve solidification. For combustible plant wastes, the radwaste incinerator utilizes a controlled air incineration process. 

Major achievements for the success of this project was the establishment of the project s free release criteria and the ability to effectively sort, segregate, and ship waste to multiple waste disposal centers. Without this waste program, the field accomplishments would have been less efficient. The free release criteria also established the accepted level of residual radioactivity allowable at the end of the project. The basic decommissioning process, that is, assessment, radiological control, stabilization, separation of contamination from the facility, monitoring, waste minimization, isolation of the contamination, volume reduction, disposal, restoration of the facility, and closure was used. 

The first equation is an example of hydrolysis and is commonly referred to as chemical precipitation. The separation is effective because of the differences in solubiUty products of the copper(II) and iron(III) hydroxides. The second equation is known as reductive precipitation and is an example of an electrochemical reaction. The use of more electropositive metals to effect reductive precipitation is known as cementation. Precipitation is used to separate impurities from a metal in solution such as iron from copper (eq. 1), or it can be used to remove the primary metal, copper, from solution (eq. 2). Precipitation is commonly practiced for the separation of small quantities of metals from large volumes of water, such as from industrial waste processes. 

---