Waste treatment, overview

An overview is given of plutonium process chemistry used at the U. S. Department of Energy Hanford, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Rocky Flats, and Savannah River sites, with particular emphasis on solution chemistry involved in recovery, purification, and waste treatment operations. By extrapolating from the present system of processes, this paper also attempts to chart the future direction of plutonium process development and operation. Areas where a better understanding of basic plutonium chemistry will contribute to development of improved processing are indicated. 

An overview is presented of plutonium process chemistry at Rocky Flats and of research in progress to improve plutonium processing operations or to develop new processes. Both pyrochemical and aqueous methods are used to process plutonium metal scrap, oxide, and other residues. The pyrochemical processes currently in production include electrorefining, fluorination, hydriding, molten salt extraction, calcination, and reduction operations. Aqueous processing and waste treatment methods involve nitric acid dissolution, ion exchange, solvent extraction, and precipitation techniques. 

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF WASTES AND WASTE TREATMENT IN THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY... 

A more or less clear overview of the enormous number of very different types of designs in fermentation, cell tissue culture, food, and waste water and waste treatment technology is possible. The designs cover technological application, the stirring and aeration system, and the phase of the main substrates. 

This entry examines several recent advances in pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The use of anal3dical pyrolysis coupled to GC/MS in polymer studies has greatly increased in the past few years because of the hyphenation between a technique permitting a fast thermal program to yield volatile fragments with a powerful tool for their identification. The classical application of Py C/MS to thermoplastics has been extended recently to thermosets and even to hiopolymers and biocomposites. The use of these techniques to study alternative methods for waste treatment has also been considered as an important and recent feature, showing possibilities for further improvement in the amount of its applications. A brief overview on the identification of polymer additives by Py-GC/MS has also been carried out. 

Freeman, H. 1998. Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill. Summarizes U.S. laws and regulations, with an overview of the hazardous waste problem and state-of-the-art alternative treatment and disposal processes. 

An overview of PyroGenesis DC torches and their plications was presented fw use in waste treatment, production of high purity metals, and nanomaterials. 

For the environmental consultant, an extensive overview of corrective action technologies is provided. Topics covered are the general concepts of corrective action programs, facility investigation principles, treatment technologies for wastes and waste streams, post treatment technologies and engineering considerations for corrective measures implementation. 

This paper provides a detailed overview of the current plastics waste management situation in Japan. It discusses material, chemical, and thermal recycling, and incineration versus landfill. It also provides a flow sheet showing recycling and the treatment/disposal of plastics waste in Japan in 1991. Conclusions are drawn, and the outlook for the future is considered. 5 refs. 

Uygur, A. An overview of oxidative and photooxidative decolorisation treatments of textile waste waters. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 1997, 113, 211-217. 

Treatment of explosives-contaminated soil using stage one of Waste Management, Inc. s, two-stage static soil process (TOSS) is approximately 110/yd. If stage two is necessary, the cost increases to 254/yd (D194676, pp. 36, 37). For more information on the TOSS process, please refer to the technology overview. 

This chapter provides an overview and guidance on the various applications of ozone in water and waste water treatment, where full-scale facilities exist and it has been demonstrated that ozonation is effective and economical. 

Goals, technology and results of full-scale applications on some types of waste waters are discussed in more detail in the following sections. An overview of technological features, operating parameters and treatment costs of full-scale plants for waste water ozonation is given in Table 3-3. 

Table 3-3 Overview of technological features, operating parameters and treatment costs of full-scale plants for waste water ozonation. 

In most of the gas/water/solvent systems ozonation was applied to model (waste) waters where the target substances were contained in the water phase, though examples of the treatment of pollutants contained in the solvent phase also do exist. The experiments were often conducted to study the working principles of such systems with their general goals (cf. Section B 6.3.1). Also some development of special types of reactors has been made. Table 6-3 gives an overview of the examples discussed. 

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